@prefix rdf: . @prefix taxmeta: . @prefix skos: . @prefix dct: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix owl: . @prefix dcat: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix mlsys: . a skos:ConceptScheme ; dct:title "ML Systems Taxonomy"@en ; owl:versionInfo "0.4-draft" ; dct:creator "Vijay Janapa Reddi"@en ; dct:license ; dct:description "Editorial draft for expert review; not a claim of completeness or consensus."@en ; dct:conformsTo ; dct:requires ; skos:hasTopConcept , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Foundations"@en ; skos:notation "F" ; skos:member , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Workloads & requirements"@en ; skos:notation "F1" ; skos:scopeNote "Targets, workload descriptions, and objectives that every later engineering choice is judged against."@en ; skos:member , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Requirements, SLOs & baselines"@en ; skos:notation "F1.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Acceptance criteria and baselines; SLIs, SLOs, error budgets; Latency budgets across a request path Excludes: Measured latency behavior and goodput ([[latency-goodput]]); Statistical evaluation of model quality ([[evaluation]])"@en ; skos:definition "Stating measurable targets for a system's behavior and service, and the baselines and budgets against which they are judged."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Workload characterization"@en ; skos:notation "F1.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: FLOP, byte, and memory accounting; Deployment tiers from cloud to TinyML; Workload traces Excludes: Node-level job placement ([[cluster-scheduling]]); Measured profiles ([[profiling-utilization]])"@en ; skos:definition "Describing a workload's compute, memory, data, and traffic demands, and where it runs, so it can be engineered and provisioned for."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Objectives, proxies & decision policies"@en ; skos:notation "F1.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Proxy objectives and reward hacking; Cost-sensitive thresholds; Multi-objective tradeoffs Excludes: Fairness criteria ([[responsible-ai]]); Optimizer and loss mechanics ([[training]])"@en ; skos:definition "How learned outputs become decisions, how optimized proxies relate to intended outcomes, and how competing objectives are traded."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Models & architectures"@en ; skos:notation "F2" ; skos:scopeNote "Model families, building blocks, and architectural choices viewed as workloads, plus the artifacts that carry them."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Model families"@en ; skos:notation "F2.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Classical models and neural networks; Transformers, recommendation models, diffusion models Excludes: Learning paradigms ([[training]]); Layer-level building blocks ([[architecture-blocks]])"@en ; skos:definition "The classical and neural model regimes, with their inductive assumptions, viewed as workloads with characteristic compute and memory profiles."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Architecture building blocks"@en ; skos:notation "F2.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Embeddings, attention, position encoding, tokenization; Convolution, recurrence, normalization Excludes: Kernel implementations of these operations ([[tensor-operators]]); Efficient attention variants ([[efficient-sequence-models]])"@en ; skos:definition "The layer-level operations from which neural models are composed and whose shapes determine compute, memory, and data movement."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Sparse & conditional computation"@en ; skos:notation "F2.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Mixture of experts, routing, capacity, load balancing; Active vs. total parameters; Early exit Excludes: Weight pruning and static sparsity ([[model-compression]]); Cascades across separate models ([[serving-architecture]])"@en ; skos:definition "Model designs in which the computation performed varies per input, such as mixture-of-experts routing and early exit."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Long-context & efficient sequence models"@en ; skos:notation "F2.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Sparse, sliding-window, and linear attention; State-space models; grouped-query attention; Context-length extension Excludes: Exact attention kernels such as FlashAttention ([[tensor-operators]]); KV-cache management ([[llm-inference]])"@en ; skos:definition "Sequence architectures that change how cost scales with context length, co-designed with the memory and compute they demand."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Model artifacts & formats"@en ; skos:notation "F2.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Weight serialization and exchange formats; Model export and signatures Excludes: Versioning and registries ([[release-management]]); Training checkpoints for recovery ([[reliability]])"@en ; skos:definition "The weights, graphs, metadata, and interface contracts that make a trained model a portable, loadable, deployable artifact."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Quantitative system models"@en ; skos:notation "F3" ; skos:scopeNote "Analytical and empirical models used to bound performance, capacity, and training cost before or instead of measuring."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Roofline, performance models & simulation"@en ; skos:notation "F3.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Ridge point and compute- vs. memory-bound regimes; Energy cost of data movement Excludes: Measured profiles and MFU ([[profiling-utilization]]); Hardware memory organization ([[memory-systems]])"@en ; skos:definition "Bound-based reasoning about whether computation is limited by arithmetic or data movement, and how reuse changes that limit."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Amdahl's law & scaling efficiency"@en ; skos:notation "F3.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Amdahl's law and serial fractions; Strong and weak scaling; Parallel efficiency Excludes: Communication cost models ([[collectives]])"@en ; skos:definition "Models of how much speedup added parallel or accelerated resources can deliver, given serial work and fixed or growing problem sizes."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Queueing & capacity models"@en ; skos:notation "F3.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Little's law; Latency-throughput curves; Burstiness and variability Excludes: Batching and admission mechanisms ([[request-scheduling]]); Measuring a specific serving system's latency and throughput ([[latency-goodput]])"@en ; skos:definition "Models relating arrivals, service rates, utilization, and waiting, used to predict latency and capacity under load."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Scaling laws & compute-optimal allocation"@en ; skos:notation "F3.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Loss scaling laws; Compute-optimal model/data allocation; Training compute estimates Excludes: Hyperparameter search ([[experiment-management]]); Test-time compute scaling ([[test-time-compute]])"@en ; skos:definition "Empirical relationships among parameters, data, and compute and observed quality, used to allocate training budgets."@en ; skos:member , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Stack"@en ; skos:notation "S" ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware & accelerators"@en ; skos:notation "S1" ; skos:scopeNote "Compute, memory, interconnect, and power characteristics of ML hardware from datacenter accelerators to microcontrollers."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Accelerator architecture"@en ; skos:notation "S1.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: GPUs, TPUs, NPUs; SIMT and matrix engines; Systolic arrays and dataflows; Domain-specific architectures Excludes: On-device and embedded accelerators ([[edge-embedded-hardware]]); Compiler mapping onto hardware ([[ml-compilers]])"@en ; skos:definition "The organization of processors specialized for ML: execution units, threading, dataflow, and the throughput they provide."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Memory hierarchy & bandwidth"@en ; skos:notation "S1.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: On-chip SRAM and scratchpads; HBM; The memory wall Excludes: Persistent and distributed storage ([[storage-systems]]); Software memory allocation ([[runtime-dispatch]])"@en ; skos:definition "The storage levels of an ML processor, from registers and SRAM to HBM, and the capacity and bandwidth limits they impose."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Host-device & scale-up interconnect"@en ; skos:notation "S1.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: PCIe host links; NVLink-class scale-up fabrics; CXL and peer-to-peer transfers Excludes: Datacenter scale-out networks ([[network-fabrics]])"@en ; skos:definition "Links that move data between hosts and accelerators and among accelerators within a node or rack-scale domain."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Chip power & thermal limits"@en ; skos:notation "S1.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: TDP and thermal throttling; DVFS and power capping; Dark silicon Excludes: Facility power and cooling ([[datacenter-facilities]]); Carbon accounting ([[sustainability-cost]])"@en ; skos:definition "Electrical and thermal limits at the chip and board level, and the runtime controls that keep execution within them."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Edge & embedded hardware"@en ; skos:notation "S1.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Microcontrollers and TinyML devices; Heterogeneous mobile SoCs and NPUs; Energy and memory budgets Excludes: On-device runtimes and OTA updates ([[on-device-deployment]]); Robot-specific real-time platforms ([[real-time-systems]])"@en ; skos:definition "Hardware for on-device ML, from mobile SoCs to microcontrollers, where memory and energy per inference bind."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Frameworks, compilers & runtimes"@en ; skos:notation "S2" ; skos:scopeNote "The software layers between model code and hardware: programming models, operators, compilers, runtimes, and numerics."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "ML frameworks & programming models"@en ; skos:notation "S2.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Tensors and computation graphs; Eager vs. graph execution; tracing JIT; Automatic differentiation Excludes: Compiler optimization passes ([[ml-compilers]]); Framework product catalogs"@en ; skos:definition "The abstractions with which ML programs are written: tensors, computation graphs, execution modes, and automatic differentiation."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Tensor operators & memory layout"@en ; skos:notation "S2.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: GEMM and convolution lowering; IO-aware attention kernels; Vendor kernel libraries Excludes: Compiler-generated kernels and autotuning ([[ml-compilers]]); Architectural changes to attention ([[efficient-sequence-models]])"@en ; skos:definition "Implementations of core tensor operations, such as matrix multiply, convolution, and attention, and the layouts that govern their efficiency."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Kernel & GPU programming model"@en ; skos:notation "S2.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Writing and tuning kernels in CUDA-class or tile-level languages such as Triton; Shared memory, synchronization, and latency hiding Excludes: Choosing kernels for operators ([[tensor-operators]]); Automatic kernel generation and fusion ([[ml-compilers]])"@en ; skos:definition "How kernels are written for parallel accelerators: the thread hierarchy, memory access patterns, occupancy, asynchronous data movement, and programming the matrix units."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "ML compilers & kernel optimization"@en ; skos:notation "S2.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Graph and loop IRs; lowering; Fusion, tiling, autotuning, kernel DSLs; Static memory planning Excludes: Quantization as a compression technique ([[model-compression]])"@en ; skos:definition "Transforming model programs through intermediate representations into optimized kernels for target hardware."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Runtime execution & dispatch"@en ; skos:notation "S2.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Launch overhead and graph replay; Streams and asynchronous execution; Caching allocators Excludes: Request-level serving schedulers ([[request-scheduling]])"@en ; skos:definition "How a runtime launches and orders device work and manages device memory during execution."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Data loading & input pipelines"@en ; skos:notation "S2.6" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Data-loader workers, decoding and augmentation on the host, pinned memory, and prefetching; Minibatch construction for irregular data, such as graph neighborhood sampling Excludes: Building datasets and transformation pipelines ([[data-pipelines]]); Storage systems and parallel file systems that hold the data ([[storage-systems]])"@en ; skos:definition "Delivering training and inference inputs to accelerators fast enough: host-side loading and preprocessing, prefetching, and sampling minibatches from large or irregular data such as graphs."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Numerical formats & precision"@en ; skos:notation "S2.7" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: FP32/BF16/FP8/INT formats and block scaling; Mixed precision and loss scaling; Accumulation precision Excludes: Post-training quantization as compression ([[model-compression]])"@en ; skos:definition "Number formats used in ML computation and the techniques that keep training and inference accurate at reduced precision."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Parallelism & distributed execution"@en ; skos:notation "S3" ; skos:scopeNote "Partitioning ML work across devices and participants, the communication it requires, and the coordination that keeps it consistent."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Parallelism strategies"@en ; skos:notation "S3.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Data, tensor, pipeline, sequence, expert parallelism; ZeRO/FSDP state sharding; Hybrid 3D layouts and pipeline bubbles Excludes: Collective algorithms ([[collectives]]); Job placement on the cluster ([[cluster-scheduling]]); Searching for and placing a parallel plan ([[parallelism-planning]])"@en ; skos:definition "Ways of partitioning a model's computation and state across devices, and how those dimensions are combined."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Parallelization planning & placement"@en ; skos:notation "S3.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Automatic parallelization and sharding propagation; Device meshes, expert placement, and dynamic resharding Excludes: The parallelism strategies themselves ([[parallelism]])"@en ; skos:definition "Choosing and changing how a model is partitioned across devices: describing devices as a mesh, searching or propagating sharding decisions, placing experts and stages on heterogeneous hardware, and resharding at run time."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Collective communication"@en ; skos:notation "S3.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: All-reduce, all-gather, all-to-all; Ring and tree algorithms; alpha-beta cost model; Overlap and gradient compression Excludes: Physical fabric design ([[network-fabrics]])"@en ; skos:definition "Group communication primitives and algorithms used by parallel ML, their cost models, and techniques to reduce or hide their cost."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Coordination & consensus"@en ; skos:notation "S3.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Consensus and leader election; Leases and fencing; Bounded-staleness consistency Excludes: Checkpoint and recovery protocols ([[reliability]]); Retry and compensation semantics ([[failure-semantics]])"@en ; skos:definition "Mechanisms by which distributed components agree on authoritative control state and tolerate stale or failed participants."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Federated & decentralized learning"@en ; skos:notation "S3.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Federated averaging; Client heterogeneity and selection; Cross-device vs. cross-silo Excludes: Secure aggregation and differential privacy ([[security-privacy]])"@en ; skos:definition "Training across devices or organizations that keep their data local, coordinated through a shared model."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Datacenter infrastructure & fleet"@en ; skos:notation "S4" ; skos:scopeNote "Facilities, networks, storage, and cluster management that turn many accelerators into a shared ML fleet."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Datacenter power, cooling & facilities"@en ; skos:notation "S4.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Facility power and oversubscription; Air and liquid cooling; rack density; PUE Excludes: Carbon and water accounting ([[sustainability-cost]]); Chip-level power limits ([[chip-power-thermal]])"@en ; skos:definition "Engineering of the buildings that house ML fleets: power provisioning, cooling, density, and facility efficiency."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Network fabrics"@en ; skos:notation "S4.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: RDMA over InfiniBand and RoCE; lossless flow control; Fat-tree, rail-optimized, torus topologies; Congestion control; in-network reduction Excludes: Intra-node links ([[node-interconnect]]); Collective algorithms ([[collectives]])"@en ; skos:definition "Datacenter networks that connect accelerator nodes: transports, topologies, flow and congestion control, and in-network compute."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Storage & data delivery"@en ; skos:notation "S4.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Parallel file systems and object stores; Input pipelines and data stalls; Checkpoint I/O and storage tiering Excludes: Dataset formats and schema ([[data-pipelines]]); Checkpoint frequency and recovery semantics ([[reliability]]); Host-side loading and prefetching of batches ([[data-loading]])"@en ; skos:definition "Storage systems that hold training data, checkpoints, and artifacts at scale and deliver them to accelerators fast enough."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Cluster scheduling & orchestration"@en ; skos:notation "S4.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Gang scheduling and backfill; Fair sharing, preemption, elastic jobs; Topology-aware placement and bin packing Excludes: Request-level serving autoscaling ([[request-scheduling]]); Workflow DAG orchestration ([[pipelines-reproducibility]]); Packaging code and dependencies as images ([[pipelines-reproducibility]])"@en ; skos:definition "Allocating a shared cluster's accelerators to jobs over time: placement, gang allocation, fairness, preemption, and elasticity."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Capacity planning & multi-tenancy"@en ; skos:notation "S4.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Capacity planning and quotas; Accelerator sharing and partitioning; Spot capacity and interference Excludes: Security isolation guarantees ([[access-isolation]]); Unit-cost economics ([[sustainability-cost]])"@en ; skos:definition "Provisioning fleet capacity and sharing it among tenants through quotas, accelerator sharing, and interference control."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Lifecycle"@en ; skos:notation "P" ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Data engineering"@en ; skos:notation "P1" ; skos:scopeNote "Acquisition and labeling, corpus curation, validation and features, pipelines and storage formats, lineage, and temporal correctness of training and serving data."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Data collection & labeling"@en ; skos:notation "P1.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Sampling design, human and programmatic labeling, labeling budgets.; Annotation quality and agreement. Excludes: Sensor design and calibration ([[perception-sensing]]); Corpus filtering and mixtures ([[data-curation]])"@en ; skos:definition "Obtaining observations and supervisory targets whose sampling, coverage, and label quality are known and fit the task."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Data selection & curation"@en ; skos:notation "P1.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Web-scale corpus filtering, deduplication, and domain mixtures.; Augmentation and synthetic or model-generated data.; Trajectory and demonstration curation for agents and robots. Excludes: Labeling processes ([[data-collection]]); Teacher-student compression ([[model-compression]])"@en ; skos:definition "Choosing, filtering, deduplicating, mixing, augmenting, and synthesizing training examples to maximize learning value per unit of compute and labeling cost."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Data validation & feature engineering"@en ; skos:notation "P1.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Schema and distribution checks before training and serving.; Feature construction and shared feature stores. Excludes: Learned representations inside the model ([[models-architectures]]); Production drift monitoring ([[monitoring]])"@en ; skos:definition "Checking that recorded data is fit for use and transforming it into model inputs whose semantics and availability match training and serving."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Data pipelines & storage formats"@en ; skos:notation "P1.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: ETL/ELT, batch and stream processing, columnar formats.; Data loaders that keep accelerators fed. Excludes: Tensor layout in working memory ([[tensor-operators]]); Delivering batches to accelerators ([[data-loading]])"@en ; skos:definition "Engineering ingestion, batch and stream transformation, event-time semantics, storage formats, and schemas for training and serving data."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Data contracts, versioning & lineage"@en ; skos:notation "P1.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Dataset versions, snapshots, and provenance records.; Producer-consumer contracts and dependency hygiene. Excludes: Model and code artifact versioning ([[release-management]]); Dataset documentation such as datasheets ([[transparency-explainability]])"@en ; skos:definition "Specifying, versioning, and tracing the datasets a system consumes so that dependencies, provenance, and changes are explicit."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Leakage & training-serving skew"@en ; skos:notation "P1.6" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Point-in-time joins and temporal leakage.; Feature staleness and skew between offline and online paths. Excludes: Deployment distribution change ([[drift-retraining]])"@en ; skos:definition "Ensuring examples use only information available at prediction time and that training and serving compute features identically and equally fresh."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Training & adaptation"@en ; skos:notation "P2" ; skos:scopeNote "Learning paradigms, optimization dynamics, training memory, experiment management, fine-tuning, post-training, and continual learning."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Learning paradigms"@en ; skos:notation "P2.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Supervised, self-supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement, and imitation learning. Excludes: Preference and RL post-training of pretrained models ([[post-training]])"@en ; skos:definition "The ways supervision, self-generated targets, interaction, and demonstration produce learning signals, each with distinct data and compute demands."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Optimization & training dynamics"@en ; skos:notation "P2.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Optimizers, learning-rate warmup and decay, large-batch scaling.; Loss spikes, divergence, and their mitigations. Excludes: Floating-point formats and overflow ([[numerics]])"@en ; skos:definition "The objectives, update rules, schedules, and batch regimes that determine whether and how efficiently training converges."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Training memory & state"@en ; skos:notation "P2.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Activation recomputation, gradient accumulation, CPU/NVMe offload. Excludes: Sharding state across devices ([[parallelism]]); Persisting state for recovery ([[checkpoint-recovery]])"@en ; skos:definition "Accounting for and reducing the parameters, gradients, optimizer state, and activations a training step must hold."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Hyperparameter search & experiment management"@en ; skos:notation "P2.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Random, Bayesian, and multi-fidelity search; small-scale proxies.; Run metadata and experiment tracking. Excludes: Pipeline orchestration ([[pipelines-reproducibility]])"@en ; skos:definition "Allocating a finite budget of training runs across configurations, and recording runs so their outcomes can be compared and reproduced."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Adaptation: fine-tuning, prompting & transfer"@en ; skos:notation "P2.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Instruction and supervised fine-tuning, adapters, LoRA, and model merging.; Prompt engineering and in-context learning without parameter updates. Excludes: Preference or reward-driven training ([[post-training]]); Assembling context for agents ([[context-memory]])"@en ; skos:definition "Adapting a pretrained model to a new task or behavior, by continued training of all or part of its parameters or by prompting without parameter updates."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Preference & RL post-training"@en ; skos:notation "P2.6" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: RLHF, DPO-style preference optimization, RL with verifiable rewards.; Rollout generation, reward scoring, colocated vs disaggregated actor/learner, weight sync. Excludes: General RL theory ([[learning-paradigms]]); Reward exploitation as a specification failure ([[objectives-decisions]])"@en ; skos:definition "Training pretrained models against preference, reward-model, or verifiable-reward signals, and the rollout, scoring, and weight-synchronization systems that loop requires."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Continual & online learning"@en ; skos:notation "P2.7" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Online and incremental updates, forgetting and replay.; Personalization and adaptation on device. Excludes: Deciding when to retrain ([[drift-retraining]]); Federated aggregation protocols ([[federated-learning]])"@en ; skos:definition "Updating deployed models incrementally from new or streaming data while retaining prior competence."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Model evaluation & testing"@en ; skos:notation "P3" ; skos:scopeNote "Evaluation design, metrics and uncertainty, slices and robustness, evaluation of generative and agentic outputs, and ML testing and debugging."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Evaluation design & experiments"@en ; skos:notation "P3.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Holdout, temporal, and cross-validation splits.; A/B tests, sequential monitoring, interference between units. Excludes: Release staging mechanics ([[release-management]])"@en ; skos:definition "Constructing offline splits and online experiments whose comparisons support the conclusions drawn from them."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Metrics, calibration & uncertainty"@en ; skos:notation "P3.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Task metrics, calibration, confidence intervals, abstention.; Distribution-free prediction sets. Excludes: Choosing what to optimize ([[objectives-decisions]])"@en ; skos:definition "Specifying what is measured and quantifying how far estimates and predicted probabilities can be trusted."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Sliced & robustness evaluation"@en ; skos:notation "P3.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Subgroup and condition slices, shift and perturbation tests. Excludes: Fairness criteria themselves ([[fairness-bias]]); Adversarial attack mechanics ([[security-privacy]])"@en ; skos:definition "Measuring behavior separately across populations and conditions, and under deliberate shift or perturbation, rather than only in aggregate."@en ; skos:member , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Evaluating generative & agentic systems"@en ; skos:notation "P3.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Model graders, pairwise and human preference, pass@k.; Contamination of benchmarks by training data. Excludes: Verifiers used to select outputs at inference ([[test-time-compute]])"@en ; skos:definition "Assessing open-ended outputs and multi-step runs where no single reference answer exists, using graders, sampling-aware metrics, and contamination controls."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "ML testing & debugging"@en ; skos:notation "P3.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Oracles, metamorphic and behavioral tests, readiness rubrics.; Integration testing, training diagnostics, and error analysis. Excludes: Fault injection into infrastructure ([[fault-injection]])"@en ; skos:definition "Testing data, models, pipelines, and their integration against stated expectations when exact expected outputs are often unknown."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Deployment & serving"@en ; skos:notation "P4" ; skos:scopeNote "Serving architectures, latency and goodput, request scheduling, LLM inference mechanisms, structured generation, test-time compute, retrieval, and on-device deployment."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Serving architectures"@en ; skos:notation "P4.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Batch vs online prediction, inference servers, serverless endpoints, and APIs.; Multi-model and multi-adapter hosting, ranking funnels, and streaming/voice pipelines. Excludes: Replica load balancing ([[request-scheduling]]); Routing and composing calls across models ([[compound-ai]]); Second-stage reranking inside retrieval ([[retrieval-rag]])"@en ; skos:definition "The structure through which predictions are produced and delivered, from offline batch scoring to online and serverless model servers, multi-model and multi-adapter hosting, and streaming speech services."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Compound AI systems & model routing"@en ; skos:notation "P4.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Language-model programs and their optimization; Model routing, cascades, gateways, and semantic caches Excludes: Single-model serving infrastructure ([[serving-architecture]]); Agent loops that plan and act through tools ([[agent-harness]])"@en ; skos:definition "Composing several models, retrievers, and tools into one application, and routing, cascading, caching, and gating requests across models to meet quality and cost targets."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Latency, throughput & goodput"@en ; skos:notation "P4.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Latency budgets, tail latency, TTFT and inter-token latency.; Tail-tolerant request techniques. Excludes: Analytic queueing models ([[queueing-models]]); General measurement methodology and profiling ([[profiling-utilization]]); analytic queueing models ([[queueing-models]])"@en ; skos:definition "Defining and meeting per-request latency and useful-throughput targets, including tail behavior and token-level latency for generative services."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Batching, admission & autoscaling"@en ; skos:notation "P4.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Dynamic and iteration-level batching, admission, load balancing.; Autoscaling and model cold start. Excludes: Cluster-level job scheduling ([[cluster-scheduling]])"@en ; skos:definition "Policies that group, admit, distribute, and provision for requests so a service meets its targets under varying load."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "LLM & generative inference"@en ; skos:notation "P4.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: KV cache management, prefix reuse, speculative decoding.; Chunked prefill and prefill/decode disaggregation.; Denoising-step reduction and feature caching for diffusion models. Excludes: Weight quantization ([[model-compression]]); Context selection and compaction ([[context-memory]])"@en ; skos:definition "Mechanisms specific to generative inference: managing attention state, separating prompt processing from token generation, accelerating autoregressive decoding, and reducing iterative denoising cost."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Decoding, sampling & structured output"@en ; skos:notation "P4.6" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Temperature and nucleus sampling, grammar-constrained decoding, schema checks. Excludes: Tool authority and effects ([[tool-interfaces]])"@en ; skos:definition "Controlling how tokens are selected and constraining generated output to required syntax or schemas."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Test-time compute"@en ; skos:notation "P4.7" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Reasoning budgets, parallel sampling and selection, verifiers, tree search.; Trading inference compute against model size. Excludes: Agent control loops and tool use ([[agent-harness]]); Pass@k as an evaluation metric ([[generative-agent-eval]])"@en ; skos:definition "Spending additional inference computation on reasoning, sampling, search, and verification to raise output quality under a budget."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Retrieval & vector search"@en ; skos:notation "P4.8" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Retrieval-augmented generation, ANN indexes and vector stores, reranking. Excludes: Agent memory write and consolidation policy ([[context-memory]])"@en ; skos:definition "Selecting relevant records from an external corpus by lexical, dense, or hybrid search and supplying them to a model at inference."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "On-device & edge deployment"@en ; skos:notation "P4.9" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Export and conversion, on-device runtimes, device/cloud split.; Over-the-air model updates across heterogeneous fleets. Excludes: Edge silicon ([[edge-embedded-hardware]]); Compression techniques ([[model-compression]])"@en ; skos:definition "Converting, packaging, executing, and updating models on phones, embedded devices, and microcontrollers under memory, energy, and connectivity limits."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "MLOps & operations"@en ; skos:notation "P5" ; skos:scopeNote "Release management, monitoring, drift and retraining, incident response, pipelines and reproducibility, platforms and teams, and retirement."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Versioning, rollout & rollback"@en ; skos:notation "P5.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Registries, CI/CD for models, release gates.; Shadow, canary, and staged rollout; rollback. Excludes: Statistical design of experiments ([[evaluation-protocols]])"@en ; skos:definition "Identifying, gating, and progressively exposing model releases, with the ability to return to a known-good configuration."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Monitoring & observability"@en ; skos:notation "P5.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Prediction logging, drift statistics, alerting and alert fatigue.; Metrics, logs, traces for model services and agents. Excludes: Responding to detected incidents ([[incident-response]])"@en ; skos:definition "Instrumenting deployed systems and detecting, from logged signals, changes in inputs, outputs, quality, and health."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Drift, feedback loops & retraining"@en ; skos:notation "P5.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Covariate and concept drift, delayed labels, hidden feedback loops.; Scheduled and triggered retraining, continuous training. Excludes: Incremental learning algorithms ([[continual-learning]])"@en ; skos:definition "Understanding how deployment data and outcomes change, including changes the system itself causes, and deciding when and how to update the model."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Incident response"@en ; skos:notation "P5.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Triage, mitigation, blameless postmortems, on-call. Excludes: Failure semantics and recovery mechanisms ([[reliability]])"@en ; skos:definition "Detecting, triaging, mitigating, and learning from production failures, including attributing them to data, model, or infrastructure causes."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "ML pipelines & reproducibility"@en ; skos:notation "P5.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Orchestrated pipelines, environment pinning, configuration as code. Excludes: Experiment search strategy ([[experiment-management]]); Scheduling containers across a cluster ([[cluster-scheduling]])"@en ; skos:definition "Automating the steps that produce models and controlling their environments and configuration so runs can be repeated."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "ML platforms, teams & technical debt"@en ; skos:notation "P5.6" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Platform-as-product, maturity levels, ownership and roles.; ML-specific technical debt and anti-patterns. Excludes: Fleet hardware and scheduling ([[infrastructure-fleet]]); Governance and regulation ([[governance-regulation]])"@en ; skos:definition "Shared internal platforms, team structures, and debt management that let an organization operate many models at sustainable cost."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Model retirement"@en ; skos:notation "P5.7" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Deprecation with consumer migration, archival for audit, retention and deletion. Excludes: Removing learned influence of specific records ([[privacy-dp]])"@en ; skos:definition "Ending a model's service by migrating its consumers, archiving what must be kept, and deleting data and resources that are no longer justified."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Qualities"@en ; skos:notation "Q" ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Performance, efficiency & benchmarking"@en ; skos:notation "Q1" ; skos:scopeNote "Measuring and benchmarking where time, memory, and energy go, and the cross-layer techniques whose primary purpose is to reduce them, such as compression and hardware-aware design."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Profiling & utilization"@en ; skos:notation "Q1.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Profilers and execution-time breakdowns; Utilization metrics such as MFU and training goodput; Bottleneck attribution across compute, memory, I/O, and communication Excludes: Standardized benchmark suites and reporting rules ([[system-benchmarking]]); Worst-case execution-time bounds ([[real-time-systems]]); Serving-specific latency and goodput targets ([[latency-goodput]])"@en ; skos:definition "Measuring where execution time and resources go under a stated workload, and expressing how much of the hardware's capacity does useful model work."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "System benchmarking"@en ; skos:notation "Q1.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: MLPerf-style time-to-quality and scenario-based inference metrics. Excludes: Profiling a single workload ([[profiling-utilization]])"@en ; skos:definition "Measuring training and inference system performance under specified workloads, quality targets, load scenarios, and run rules so results are comparable."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Model compression"@en ; skos:notation "Q1.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Quantization (post-training and quantization-aware); Pruning (structured and unstructured) and sparsity exploitation; Knowledge distillation and low-rank factorization Excludes: Numeric format definitions and mixed-precision training ([[numerics]]); Parameter-efficient fine-tuning such as LoRA, whose purpose is adaptation ([[fine-tuning]])"@en ; skos:definition "Techniques that shrink a trained or training model's parameters, precision, or rank to reduce memory, compute, and latency at a measured cost in quality."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware-aware model design"@en ; skos:notation "Q1.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Neural architecture search, including hardware-aware objectives; Efficient building blocks and the accuracy-efficiency frontier; Joint model and hardware co-design Excludes: Mixture-of-experts and early exit ([[conditional-computation]]); Efficient attention and state-space models ([[efficient-sequence-models]])"@en ; skos:definition "Choosing or searching model architectures against a target device's measured cost, so that quality and efficiency are optimized together rather than compressed after the fact."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Reliability & fault tolerance"@en ; skos:notation "Q2" ; skos:scopeNote "Infrastructure and service fault tolerance, from failure assumptions and recovery semantics to fleet failure rates, checkpoint economics, and resilience testing."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Failure models, retries & degradation"@en ; skos:notation "Q2.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Failure models and recovery semantics (idempotency, compensation); Retries, circuit breakers, replication, and failover; Graceful degradation of quality or features under failure Excludes: Physical safety fallbacks and stopping envelopes ([[runtime-enforcement]]); Durable agent execution and replay ([[durable-execution]])"@en ; skos:definition "Declared failure assumptions and the service-level mechanisms (retries, idempotency, replication, circuit breaking, degradation) that keep requests correct and available when components fail."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Checkpointing & elastic recovery"@en ; skos:notation "Q2.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Checkpoints and consistent cuts for distributed state; Optimal checkpoint interval (Young-Daly) and asynchronous checkpointing; Elastic recovery on a changed set of workers Excludes: Activation recomputation, sometimes called gradient checkpointing ([[training-memory]]); Checkpoint storage bandwidth and I/O systems ([[storage-systems]])"@en ; skos:definition "Persisting recoverable state for long-running jobs and choosing checkpoint frequency and recovery strategy to minimize lost work and restart cost under a given failure rate."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware faults & silent data corruption"@en ; skos:notation "Q2.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Fail-stop, gray, and silent failures and their detection; Fleet failure rates (MTBF composition) and availability; Correlated failures and failure domains Excludes: Distribution shift and adversarial robustness ([[drift-retraining]]; [[ml-attacks]]); Chip power and thermal limits as design constraints ([[chip-power-thermal]])"@en ; skos:definition "How hardware fails in a fleet, from fail-stop crashes to gray and silent faults, how often it fails, and how such faults are detected and contained."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Fault injection & resilience testing"@en ; skos:notation "Q2.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Chaos engineering and failure injection in production-like settings; Game days and recovery rehearsals; Hardware fault injection to estimate model error resilience Excludes: Functional ML tests and test oracles ([[ml-testing]]); Scenario-based safety validation ([[verification-validation]])"@en ; skos:definition "Deliberately introducing software, infrastructure, or hardware faults under controlled scope to verify that detection, recovery, and degradation work as designed."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Security & privacy"@en ; skos:notation "Q3" ; skos:scopeNote "Adversaries and defenses across data, model, artifact, and execution boundaries, and the leakage of information about people or records through learned systems."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Threat models & adversarial attacks"@en ; skos:notation "Q3.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Threat models for ML assets and interfaces; Poisoning, backdoors, evasion, jailbreaks, and prompt injection; Defenses such as adversarial training Excludes: Robustness evaluation methodology ([[robustness-slices]]); Theft and integrity of model artifacts ([[model-supply-chain]])"@en ; skos:definition "Specifying adversaries against learned systems and the attacks they mount on training data, model inputs, and instruction boundaries, with the defenses aimed at each."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Model & supply-chain security"@en ; skos:notation "Q3.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Model extraction and ownership evidence (watermarking); Artifact signing and provenance; Malicious weights, serialization formats, and dependencies Excludes: Artifact versioning and registries as release tooling ([[release-management]]); Data lineage as a data-engineering practice ([[data-lineage]])"@en ; skos:definition "Protecting models as valuable artifacts from theft and tampering, and protecting the chain of datasets, pretrained weights, libraries, and builds that produce them."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Privacy leakage & differential privacy"@en ; skos:notation "Q3.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Membership inference and model inversion; Differential privacy and DP-SGD; Machine unlearning and secure aggregation Excludes: Federated training protocols and client scheduling ([[federated-learning]]); Privacy regulation and governance processes ([[governance-regulation]])"@en ; skos:definition "Privacy requirements for data about people, the attacks that extract it from models and outputs, and formal or architectural mechanisms that bound or remove that leakage."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Access control & isolation"@en ; skos:notation "Q3.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Authorization, least privilege, and sandboxed execution; Confidential computing and remote attestation; Side channels across shared accelerators and caches Excludes: Tenant quotas and resource isolation for performance ([[capacity-provisioning]]); Agent tool contracts and action approval ([[tool-interfaces]])"@en ; skos:definition "Constraining who may act, what code may reach, and which parties can observe data in use, through authorization, least privilege, isolation, and hardware-rooted trust."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Safety & assurance"@en ; skos:notation "Q4" ; skos:scopeNote "Identifying hazards, bounding the operating domain, enforcing safety at runtime, verifying and validating behavior, and arguing acceptable residual risk against recognized standards."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Hazard analysis & operating domains"@en ; skos:notation "Q4.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Hazard identification and analysis (STPA, FMEA, fault trees) applied to learned components.; Operational design domains and triggering conditions for functional insufficiency (SOTIF). Excludes: Adversary-driven threat modeling ([[ml-attacks]]); Infrastructure fault models ([[failure-semantics]])"@en ; skos:definition "Identifying how a system can contribute to harm, including hazards from functional insufficiency rather than faults, and fixing the operating conditions within which safety claims are made."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Runtime assurance & safety filters"@en ; skos:notation "Q4.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Safety filters, control barrier functions, Simplex switching, and fallback to a minimal-risk condition.; Input and output guardrails that block or rewrite unsafe generated content or actions. Excludes: Human approval of agent actions ([[agent-harness]]); Retry, failover, and graceful degradation for availability ([[reliability]])"@en ; skos:definition "Mechanisms that monitor a learned component at run time and override, constrain, or replace its outputs so the system stays within a verified safe set."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Safety verification & validation"@en ; skos:notation "Q4.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Scenario coverage, simulation-based falsification, and software/hardware-in-the-loop qualification.; Formal and statistical guarantees, including verification of neural networks and rare-event estimation. Excludes: Average-case model metrics and benchmarks ([[evaluation]])"@en ; skos:definition "Producing evidence that a system meets its safety requirements across its operating domain, through scenario testing, falsification, formal proof, and statistical validation of rare failures."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Safety cases, standards & certification"@en ; skos:notation "Q4.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Safety-case structure and notation (claims, arguments, evidence; GSN).; Functional-safety and autonomy standards (ISO 26262, IEC 61508, ISO 21448, UL 4600) and integrity levels. Excludes: Regulatory compliance not specific to safety, such as the EU AI Act ([[governance-regulation]])"@en ; skos:definition "Structured arguments that a system is acceptably safe for a defined use, the standards that set what evidence is required, and the field indicators that keep the argument valid after release."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Responsible AI"@en ; skos:notation "Q5" ; skos:scopeNote "Measuring and mitigating unfair outcomes, explaining and documenting models and data, keeping people able to oversee and contest decisions, and governing AI risk under organizational and legal regimes."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Fairness & bias"@en ; skos:notation "Q5.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Group and individual fairness criteria and the metrics that measure them.; Pre-, in-, and post-processing mitigation and its accuracy cost. Excludes: Per-slice measurement machinery in general ([[robustness-slices]]); Scheduler fair sharing ([[cluster-scheduling]])"@en ; skos:definition "Specifying, measuring, and mitigating how a system's outcomes and errors differ across people and groups."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Explainability & documentation"@en ; skos:notation "Q5.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Post-hoc explanations (feature attribution, counterfactuals) and inherently interpretable models.; Model cards, datasheets, and the serving cost of producing explanations. Excludes: Debugging-oriented model inspection ([[ml-testing]]); Data provenance records ([[data-lineage]])"@en ; skos:definition "Making model behavior understandable to the people who build, deploy, and are affected by it, through explanations, interpretable models, and standardized documentation of models and data."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Human oversight & contestability"@en ; skos:notation "Q5.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Human-in-the-loop and on-the-loop control, recourse and appeal, and control handover.; Automation bias, complacency, and the ironies of automation. Excludes: The mechanics of agent approval gates ([[agent-harness]])"@en ; skos:definition "Arrangements that let people supervise, intervene in, take over from, and challenge consequential system decisions, and the human-factors limits on doing so."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "AI governance, audit & regulation"@en ; skos:notation "Q5.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: NIST AI RMF and ISO/IEC 42001 management systems; internal and external audits.; Risk-tiered regulation (EU AI Act) and frontier-model capability thresholds. Excludes: Data-protection mechanisms such as differential privacy ([[security-privacy]]); Safety-standard certification ([[safety-cases]])"@en ; skos:definition "Organizational and legal mechanisms that identify, assess, and control AI risk across a system's life, including risk-management frameworks, impact assessments, audits, and regulation."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Sustainability & cost"@en ; skos:notation "Q6" ; skos:scopeNote "Accounting for environmental and monetary consequences of ML systems under declared boundaries, and the decisions that reduce them per useful outcome."@en ; skos:member , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Energy & carbon accounting"@en ; skos:notation "Q6.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Energy measurement and energy efficiency (work per joule); Grid carbon intensity and operational carbon; Carbon-aware placement and scheduling Excludes: Facility power, cooling, and PUE ([[datacenter-facilities]]); Manufacturing emissions and hardware end of life ([[embodied-lifecycle]])"@en ; skos:definition "Measuring the energy a workload consumes and converting it to operational emissions under declared boundaries, and scheduling work to reduce both."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Embodied carbon & lifecycle impact"@en ; skos:notation "Q6.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Embodied carbon and lifecycle assessment; Water consumption of training and serving; Hardware lifetime, refresh, and e-waste Excludes: Operational emissions from electricity ([[energy-carbon]]); Model retirement and decommissioning ([[retirement]])"@en ; skos:definition "Environmental impacts beyond operating energy, from manufacturing emissions and water to hardware lifetime and disposal, assessed over the full hardware lifecycle."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Cost, TCO & unit economics"@en ; skos:notation "Q6.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Total cost of ownership and cost attribution (FinOps); Cost per token and cost per accepted outcome; Model routing and cascades chosen for cost Excludes: Capacity provisioning and quotas ([[capacity-provisioning]]); Spot and preemption scheduling mechanics ([[cluster-scheduling]])"@en ; skos:definition "Monetary accounting for ML systems, from total cost of ownership to cost per token or accepted outcome, and the architectural choices that lower cost at fixed quality."@en ; skos:member , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "System types"@en ; skos:notation "T" ; skos:member , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Agentic systems"@en ; skos:notation "T1" ; skos:scopeNote "Context engineering and agent memory, tool and action interfaces, the agent harness and its control loop, durable agent state, and multi-agent coordination."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Context engineering & agent memory"@en ; skos:notation "T1.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Working-set selection, ordering for prefix reuse, compaction, and long-context degradation.; Long-term memory write paths, consolidation, expiry, and invalidation. Excludes: Retrieval and vector indexes in general ([[retrieval-rag]]); KV-cache management ([[llm-inference]])"@en ; skos:definition "Deciding what information enters each model call over a long task, and maintaining persistent memory the agent can write, consolidate, and retrieve across calls and sessions."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Tool use & action interfaces"@en ; skos:notation "T1.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Tool schemas, preconditions, function calling, and MCP-style discovery.; Computer-use agents and the handling of irreversible effects. Excludes: Sandboxing and capability isolation ([[access-isolation]]); Prompt injection ([[ml-attacks]])"@en ; skos:definition "The interfaces through which a model acts on the world, including structured tool calls, tool discovery protocols, computer use, and the effects and authority those actions carry."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Agent harness & control loop"@en ; skos:notation "T1.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Reason-act loops, workflows versus model-directed loops, and plan revision.; Turn, token, time, and spend budgets; stopping rules; human approval gates. Excludes: Inference-time search and reasoning budgets per call ([[test-time-compute]]); Trajectory-level evaluation ([[generative-agent-eval]])"@en ; skos:definition "The runtime that owns an agent's loop of model calls and tool actions, enforcing budgets, stopping rules, and approval gates and recording the trajectory."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Durable execution & agent state"@en ; skos:notation "T1.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Event-sourced trajectory logs, resume protocols, and record-and-replay.; Pausing for human or external events and resuming safely. Excludes: General checkpointing, idempotency, and sagas ([[reliability]])"@en ; skos:definition "Persisting an agent's progress so long-running trajectories survive crashes, pauses, and redeployments without repeating completed effects, and can be replayed for debugging."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-agent orchestration"@en ; skos:notation "T1.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Orchestrator-worker and peer topologies, typed task envelopes, and delegation.; Coordination failures and correlated errors among agents sharing a base model. Excludes: Distributed consensus for infrastructure state ([[coordination]])"@en ; skos:definition "Decomposing a task across several model-driven agents and coordinating their delegation, shared state, and results, including when coordination costs outweigh the benefit."@en ; skos:member , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Embodied & physical systems"@en ; skos:notation "T2" ; skos:scopeNote "Sensing and perception, state estimation and mapping, motion planning and control, real-time and mixed-criticality computing, and robot learning from demonstration and simulation."@en ; skos:member , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Sensing, perception & fusion"@en ; skos:notation "T2.1" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Camera, LiDAR, radar, event, and tactile sensing; calibration chains.; Detection, segmentation, learned depth, and multi-sensor fusion. Excludes: Sensor spoofing ([[ml-attacks]])"@en ; skos:definition "Turning time-stamped measurements from physical sensors into task-relevant estimates of the scene, including calibration, synchronization, and fusion across modalities."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "State estimation, localization & mapping"@en ; skos:notation "T2.2" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Kalman and particle filters, tracking and data association, SLAM, metric and semantic maps.; Learned world models used for prediction and planning. Excludes: Software observability of services ([[monitoring]])"@en ; skos:definition "Inferring a robot's and its environment's latent state and uncertainty over time, through recursive filtering, localization and mapping, and learned predictive world models."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Motion planning & control"@en ; skos:notation "T2.3" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Sampling- and optimization-based motion planning, task and motion planning.; Feedback control, MPC, and contact-rich manipulation. Excludes: Runtime safety filters over a planner's output ([[runtime-enforcement]])"@en ; skos:definition "Generating feasible, collision-free motions and closing feedback loops that drive a physical system along them under dynamics, contact, and actuation limits."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Real-time & mixed-criticality computing"@en ; skos:notation "T2.4" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Multi-rate scheduling, response-time analysis, WCET, and real-time buses.; Mixed-criticality partitioning and hypervisors on shared silicon. Excludes: Throughput-oriented profiling and utilization ([[profiling-utilization]])"@en ; skos:definition "Guaranteeing that sensing, inference, and control complete within deadlines on shared embedded hardware, and isolating safety-critical functions from less trusted ones."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Collection ; skos:prefLabel "Robot learning & sim-to-real"@en ; skos:notation "T2.5" ; skos:scopeNote "Includes: Vision-language-action models, action chunking, and cross-embodiment pretraining.; Teleoperation data collection, domain randomization, and sim-to-real transfer. Excludes: Imitation and reinforcement learning as general paradigms ([[learning-paradigms]]); Closed-loop robot evaluation statistics ([[evaluation]])"@en ; skos:definition "Learning robot policies from teleoperated demonstrations, simulation, and pretrained vision-language backbones, and transferring them to physical hardware."@en ; skos:member , , , , , , , , , . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "System requirements"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "acceptance criteria"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "non-functional requirements"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Measurable desired behavior and constraints for a specified workload."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Baseline"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A reference method or system used to justify the value of a proposed change."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Proxy objective"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A measurable target used in place of the outcome actually desired."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Service-level objective"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SLO"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A target for a defined service measure over a specified population and window."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Workload characterization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The input, request, model, and execution distributions that a system must support."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Execution placement"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The choice of where system components execute, such as device, edge, or datacenter."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data quality"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Fitness of recorded examples for the intended task, including validity, coverage, and error."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data acquisition and sampling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The observation and selection process that determines which examples and populations enter a dataset."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature engineering"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Constructing model inputs whose semantics and availability match the task."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Missing data"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Absent observations whose pattern and treatment can change learned behavior."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data leakage"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Information unavailable at the intended prediction boundary entering development or evaluation."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Point-in-time correctness"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Constructing examples using only information available at their stated prediction time."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data lineage"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recorded dependencies that identify the sources and transformations of a dataset or artifact."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training-serving skew"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A mismatch between the data transformations or feature semantics used in training and serving."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data selection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Allocating learning effort to examples according to value, coverage, and acquisition cost."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dataset deduplication"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Finding and managing exact or near-duplicate examples within a corpus and overlaps with evaluation data to control sample weighting, redundant compute, memorization, and contamination."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embeddings"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Vector representations of tokens, items, or inputs, learned or constructed, whose dimension and lookup or encoder implementation determine storage and computation costs."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distribution shift"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dataset shift"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "covariate shift"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "label shift"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A difference between development and deployment data-generating distributions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Linear models"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "logistic regression"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "linear regression"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Models whose score is linear in their supplied features, with a possible output link function."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tree ensembles"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "gradient-boosted decision trees"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GBDT"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "random forest"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "XGBoost"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Collections of decision trees whose branch traversal and aggregation determine predictions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Kernel methods"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "support vector machine"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SVM"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Models that score an input by a kernel similarity to retained training examples or to an explicit feature approximation, so storage and evaluation cost grow with the number of retained examples unless the kernel is approximated."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Nearest-neighbor models"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "k-nearest neighbors"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "kNN"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Predictions or retrieval based on similarity to stored examples or vectors."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Neural networks"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Parameterized compositions of differentiable operations used to learn representations and predictions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inductive bias"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Structural assumptions that favor some learned functions over others."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "self-attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-head attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cross-attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "scaled dot-product attention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Input-dependent aggregation of value vectors using query-key compatibility scores."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Position encoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Positional encoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "rotary position embedding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RoPE"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ALiBi"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "relative position encoding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Representations that make sequence position available to a model."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tokenization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "subword tokenization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "BPE"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Mapping text into vocabulary-dependent token identifiers, which sets sequence lengths and so influences context usage, embedding size, and processing cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training loss"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A computable criterion optimized on training examples."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automatic differentiation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Computing derivatives by composing local derivative rules through an execution graph."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Optimization algorithm"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A rule that uses training information to update model parameters and optimizer state."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Regularization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Constraints or training procedures used to control sensitivity and generalization behavior."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training batch size"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The number of examples contributing to an optimization update or microstep."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training state"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The parameters, gradients, optimizer variables, and other state needed to continue training."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Activation recomputation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Activation checkpointing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Gradient checkpointing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recreating forward intermediates during backward execution to reduce retained memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Empirical scaling laws"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "neural scaling laws"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "power-law scaling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Kaplan scaling laws"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Fitted relationships between resources, data, model size, and observed model performance."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hyperparameter search"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Hyperparameter optimization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "HPO"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing model or training settings through a sequence of evaluations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Experiment-budget allocation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Dividing a finite evaluation budget across configurations, repetitions, and fidelities."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Transfer learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Adapting representations or parameters learned from one setting to another."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Parameter-efficient adaptation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PEFT"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "adapter tuning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prefix tuning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prompt tuning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "soft prompts"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Adapting a model by changing a limited parameter subset or added parameterization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tensor layout"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "memory alignment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "alignment padding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The mapping from tensor indices to storage locations, including strides and materialization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Matrix multiplication"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The dense product of two matrices, a central arithmetic workload in many neural networks, whose operand shapes, tiling, and precision determine execution cost on a specified processor."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Numerical precision"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "number format"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "floating-point format"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FP32"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FP16"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "BF16"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "bfloat16"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FP8"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FP4"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The representable values and arithmetic behavior of a numerical format."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mixed-precision training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training with multiple numerical formats and explicit handling of their range and accumulation behavior."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Numerical stability"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Sensitivity of a computed result to finite-precision operations and intermediate representations."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Quantization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Representing values using a reduced discrete set with a specified encoding and approximation rule."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sparsity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A pattern of absent or zero values whose execution benefit depends on representation and support."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Knowledge distillation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training a student to match output distributions or internal signals from a teacher model or ensemble, potentially reducing serving cost when the student is cheaper while requiring validation of retained quality."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graph compilation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "compilation breakeven"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "compile-time amortization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Transforming a model or execution graph into an executable representation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Kernel fusion"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Combining compatible operations to reduce intermediate materialization or dispatch."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Host dispatch overhead"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "kernel launch overhead"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Host-side work required to launch or orchestrate device operations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory hierarchy"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Arrangement of storage levels and transfer paths with differing capacity, latency, bandwidth, access control, and management mechanisms. The available levels depend on the platform."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory capacity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Available storage for concurrently resident state and intermediates."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accelerator execution architecture"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GPU architecture"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "streaming multiprocessor"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SM"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Organization of arithmetic units, execution lanes or threads, scheduling resources, and local storage that determines how supported operations run. SIMD/SIMT, matrix units, and systolic arrays are distinct examples."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Arithmetic intensity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "operational intensity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FLOPs per byte"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Arithmetic work per byte transferred at a specified memory boundary."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Roofline bound"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "roofline model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "roofline analysis"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A performance bound combining a compute ceiling with an intensity-dependent bandwidth ceiling."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data locality"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "temporal locality"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "spatial locality"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data reuse"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reuse of data near its consumers across time or execution locations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tiling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Partitioning computation so working data can be reused within a chosen storage level."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Profiling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Measuring execution to attribute time, work, stalls, and resource use."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Execution time"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Elapsed time for a specified execution boundary, workload, and operating condition."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Serial fraction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The portion of execution that a proposed parallel or accelerated transformation leaves unchanged."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Collective communication"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Coordinated data exchange and reduction across a process group."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data parallelism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Executing model replicas on different examples while coordinating learning state."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tensor parallelism"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "intra-layer model parallelism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Partitioning a layer's tensors and operations across devices so each computes a slice, reducing per-device state while adding communication along the partitioned dimensions, usually within a fast scale-up domain."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pipeline parallelism"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "inter-layer model parallelism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Partitioning a computation into stages that process different microbatches concurrently."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training-state sharding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ZeRO"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FSDP"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "fully sharded data parallel"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Partitioning parameters, gradients, or optimizer state across workers."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Communication overlap"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Scheduling communication concurrently with independent computation."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network topology"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The connectivity and capacity structure that constrains communication paths."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Stragglers"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Workers or tasks whose delayed completion holds back coordinated work."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Recovery checkpoint"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A persisted state from which a specified computation can resume."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Consistent checkpoint cut"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A set of per-worker checkpoint states taken so that no saved state depends on an update or message that another worker's saved state has not yet recorded, so restoring all of them together yields one coherent global state."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Replicated-log consensus"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Paxos"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Raft"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Agreement on an ordered state history under specified timing and failure assumptions."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fencing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Rejecting effects from an actor whose epoch or authority is stale."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Federated learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Coordinating model learning across separately controlled data holders."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Arrival rate"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The frequency and distribution of requests reaching a service boundary."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Service capacity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "service rate"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The completion rate supported by a service under a stated workload and operating point."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Queueing delay"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Time a request waits for a resource before receiving service."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tail latency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A high quantile of a defined request-latency distribution."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Request batching"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Executing requests together to share work or improve resource use."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Admission control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "load shedding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "rate limiting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Accepting, delaying, or rejecting work according to capacity, policy, and service constraints."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Autoscaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Changing provisioned service resources in response to measured or predicted demand."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "KV cache"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Key-value cache"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Retained attention keys and values reused during autoregressive execution."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prefill and decode"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The prompt-processing and incremental token-generation phases of autoregressive inference."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Paged KV allocation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PagedAttention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Managing attention state in blocks to reduce allocation waste and support sharing."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prefix caching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prompt caching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "context caching"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reusing compatible computed state for an identical request prefix."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Speculative decoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "draft-and-verify"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EAGLE"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "self-speculative decoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-token draft heads"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Using proposed tokens and a validating procedure to accelerate generation while preserving a specified output distribution."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "SLO goodput"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The rate of useful completed work that satisfies the specified quality and service criteria."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Generalization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Performance on relevant examples or conditions beyond those used to fit the system."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Evaluation split"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A partitioning protocol that separates learning, selection, and final assessment."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model-selection optimism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Overstated performance caused by choosing a winner using noisy evaluation results."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Evaluation metrics"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Specified measurements of predictive or task behavior, with explicit populations and aggregation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Probability calibration"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Agreement between predicted probabilities and observed event frequencies under an evaluation distribution."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Statistical uncertainty"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Uncertainty in an estimated quantity due to finite and dependent observations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Benchmark protocol"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A reproducible specification of workload, measurement boundary, run rules, and comparison procedure that lets results from different systems be compared and lets a system be judged against a baseline."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Online experimentation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "A/B testing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "A/B test"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "controlled online experiment"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A controlled intervention used to estimate effects on deployed-system outcomes."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sliced evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Measuring behavior separately on relevant populations, conditions, or workload groups."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Selective prediction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Decision-gating mechanism that emits model outputs only for admitted cases and abstains on or defers the remaining cases."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Artifact versioning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prompt versioning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prompt as artifact"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "system-prompt version"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Identifying the exact model, code, data, configuration, and dependencies in an execution or release."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Production monitoring"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Collecting and interpreting signals about deployed system behavior and health."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Staged rollout"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "canary release"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "canary deployment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "progressive delivery"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Increasing exposure to a candidate system through bounded release stages."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rollback"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Returning to a previously accepted deployment configuration with compatible state."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Concept drift"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Change over time in the relationship between inputs and targets, so the same input warrants a different prediction."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Delayed outcomes"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Target outcomes that become observable only after a delay or for a selected subset of cases."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Incident response"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Detecting, containing, diagnosing, and recovering from unexpected system behavior."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "System observability"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Instrumentation that permits investigation of internal execution from recorded outputs, traces, and metrics."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Threat modeling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Specifying adversaries, assets, interfaces, capabilities, and failure consequences."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data poisoning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Adversarial manipulation of learning data or signals to alter learned behavior."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Adversarial evasion"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "adversarial example"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "evasion attack"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "adversarial perturbation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Inputs chosen or perturbed at inference time so that a model misclassifies or misbehaves, within an adversary's stated knowledge of the model and perturbation budget, without any change to the model or its training data."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Privacy requirements"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Requirements governing the collection, use, retention, and disclosure of information about people or records."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Differential privacy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DP"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A parameterized bound on changes in output distributions under a specified neighboring-dataset relation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fairness criteria"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Explicit requirements for how system outcomes or errors are distributed across affected groups."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Authorization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Determining whether an actor may perform a specified action on a resource."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Execution isolation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Restricting which resources and effects a computation can access."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Human oversight"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "human-on-the-loop"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "meaningful human control"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An arrangement in which people can understand, intervene in, and contest consequential system behavior."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operating energy"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Energy consumed by a specified system boundary over a defined workload or interval."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Lifecycle carbon"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Emissions attributed to operation and embodied system resources under declared accounting boundaries."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cost per useful outcome"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Total relevant expenditure divided by outcomes meeting a specified acceptance criterion."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Capacity planning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Provisioning resources for a workload distribution and service objectives."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agent trajectory"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A sequence of observations, model proposals, tool actions, and external outcomes for a task."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agent planning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Constructing and revising prospective actions in response to goals, dependencies, and observations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sparse and sliding-window attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "local attention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Attention restricted to local windows or predetermined sparse patterns, reducing attended query-key pairs; cost is linear in sequence length when the attended positions per query remain bounded."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Retrieval"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Selecting relevant records from an external collection using an explicit query and ranking process."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Approximate nearest-neighbor search"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ANN"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Trading exact neighbor recovery for reduced search cost using an index or approximation."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hallucination"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "unsupported generated claims"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Generated factual assertions or summaries not supported by the relevant source or evidence."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tool contract"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A specification of tool inputs, outputs, authority, effects, and failure behavior."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Failure model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The declared classes of faults and timing assumptions under which a mechanism is analyzed."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Idempotency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A specified operation's repeated execution having the same intended effect as one execution."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prompt injection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "indirect prompt injection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Untrusted content attempting to redirect model-driven behavior across an instruction or authority boundary."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Trajectory evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Assessing task outcomes, intermediate effects, and constraint compliance across a complete agent run."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "RL from human feedback"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RLHF"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Optimizing a model's policy against a reward model trained on human preference comparisons, usually with a penalty for drifting from a reference model."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Physical dynamics"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The evolution of a physical system under inputs, disturbances, and constraints."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sensor calibration"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Establishing how observations relate to physical quantities, coordinates, and time."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "State estimation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Inferring latent physical state and uncertainty from observations and a model."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "State observability"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Whether distinct internal states can be distinguished through the available observations and model."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Observation age"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Elapsed time between a physical observation and its use in a decision."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feedback delay"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The total delay around the sense-compute-communicate-actuate loop, which erodes a controller's stability margin and adds motion before any response can begin, so it must be budgeted end to end rather than stage by stage."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Worst-case execution time"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "WCET"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A justified execution-time upper bound under specified hardware and execution assumptions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feedback control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PID control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PID controller"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "proportional-integral-derivative control"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Selecting inputs using measured or estimated deviation from desired behavior."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Trajectory feasibility"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Satisfaction of motion, state, input, and dynamic constraints along a proposed trajectory."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Contact and compliance"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Mechanical interaction whose forces depend on geometry, motion, stiffness, and damping."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Simulation-to-real transfer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sim-to-real"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sim2real"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Transferring a policy trained in simulation to physical hardware, where differences in dynamics, sensing, contact, and timing can degrade behavior and motivate randomization, system identification, or adaptation on real experience."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Runtime assurance"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Monitoring and constraining execution using explicitly stated safety premises and fallback mechanisms."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Stopping envelope"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "safe stopping region"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The state and clearance conditions within which a specified stopping response remains feasible."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operational design domain"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ODD"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The declared set of conditions, covering environment, inputs, actors, and system state, within which a system is designed to perform and outside which its safety claims and evidence do not apply."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Safety case"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "assurance case"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "UL 4600 safety case"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A structured, reviewable argument, with its evidence, assumptions, and defeaters, that a defined system is acceptably safe for a stated use within a stated operating domain."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Structured output constraint"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A contract on the admissible syntax or schema of model outputs, enforced during generation by constrained decoding or checked afterward by output validation, which establishes form but not factual correctness or authority."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Label quality"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "label noise"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The correctness, consistency, and coverage of recorded supervision relative to the intended task, which bound the training signal and the trustworthiness of evaluation."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data contract"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A specification of schema, semantics, validity rules, and availability for data exchanged between components."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Deployment feedback loop"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A deployed system's outputs changing the data or behavior encountered by future learning or evaluation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Decision policy"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The rule that converts model outputs and system state into actions, thresholds, abstentions, or escalation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Robustness evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Testing behavior under explicitly chosen shifts, perturbations, faults, or operating stresses."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Supervised learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Learning a prediction rule from examples with target outputs."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Self-supervised learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Learning from targets constructed from the observed data itself."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Unsupervised learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Learning structure in data without externally supplied example-level targets."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reinforcement learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Learning a policy from action-dependent observations and reward signals."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Imitation learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Learning a policy from demonstrated behavior and possibly corrective interaction."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model artifact"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The learned parameters, structures, example stores, and metadata required to execute a model."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compensating action"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An explicit action intended to remedy an earlier effect whose direct reversal is unavailable."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Backpressure"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A mechanism that signals downstream saturation to limit or slow upstream production."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Privacy leakage"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Information about people or records revealed through data, artifacts, or model interaction."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Resource utilization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The fraction of a resource's defined service capacity that is occupied over a stated interval."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Irreversible effects"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "External consequences that cannot be fully undone by restoring software state, retrying, or performing a compensating action."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dataset storage layout"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Organization of stored dataset records, columns, partitions, and metadata that determines which data an access reads or decodes."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data ingestion"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reading externally produced records into a processing or learning system under declared delivery, ordering, and timing assumptions."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Schema evolution"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Changing a data schema while explicitly managing how existing data and producers or consumers remain interpretable and compatible."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Test oracle"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A specification, procedure, reference, or informed judgment used to assess whether observed behavior satisfies stated expectations for a test."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Integration testing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Testing interactions among assembled components against stated interface and behavior expectations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Failure injection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Deliberately introducing selected faults or disruptive conditions to observe system response under controlled experimental boundaries."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dependency environment"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The software packages, versions, native libraries, and runtime configuration on which an execution depends."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Workflow orchestration"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Coordinating dependent computation steps, their data or control flow, execution conditions, and failure handling."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Experiment reproducibility"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The ability to repeat an experimental procedure and obtain results consistent with declared criteria when its inputs, environment, randomness, and execution conditions are specified."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compute throughput"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The sustainable rate of a specified arithmetic workload on an execution resource."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory bandwidth"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The sustainable rate at which bytes move across a specified memory interface."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Host-device interconnect"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Communication path through which a host and accelerator exchange data and control, with transport, topology, and memory-access semantics that affect transfers."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Power delivery and integrity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Supply paths, conversion stages, limits, and transient behavior that must maintain required voltages while workloads and actuators draw or return power."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Thermal behavior and throttling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Evolution of temperature under heat generation and removal, and the performance controls or operating restrictions that follow under a platform thermal policy."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Service-level indicator"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SLI"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A quantitative measure of one aspect of delivered service, such as latency, availability, or accepted-output rate, computed over a stated population and window."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Error budget"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The amount of service-level-objective violation permitted over a window, used to pace changes and risk against a reliability target."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Latency budget"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An allocation of an end-to-end latency target across the stages of a request path, such as network, preprocessing, inference, and postprocessing."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operation and byte accounting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FLOP counting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "resource accounting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MAC counting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Estimating a workload's arithmetic operations and bytes moved per example, token, or step from model shapes, to predict cost before measurement."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory footprint"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The peak memory a workload occupies, summed over parameters, activations, optimizer or cache state, and runtime buffers."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Workload trace"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A recorded sequence of requests or jobs with arrival times, sizes, and durations, replayed to evaluate capacity, scheduling, or serving policies."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cost-sensitive decision"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing actions or thresholds to minimize expected cost when different error types carry unequal consequences."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pareto frontier"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The set of configurations for which no objective, such as accuracy, latency, or cost, can improve without worsening another."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Transformer"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A neural architecture of stacked attention and feed-forward blocks with residual connections and normalization, processing all sequence positions in parallel during training."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Deep recommendation model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DLRM"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Models combining large sparse embedding tables for categorical features with dense layers, whose cost is often dominated by embedding lookups and memory capacity."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Diffusion model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A generative model that learns to reverse a gradual noising process, producing samples through many iterative denoising network evaluations."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Convolution"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "convolutional layer"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A locally connected operation applying shared filters across spatial or temporal positions, giving high weight reuse and arithmetic intensity."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Recurrent computation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RNN"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LSTM"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Computation that updates a hidden state step by step over a sequence, creating sequential dependencies that limit parallelism across time."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Normalization layers"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "BatchNorm"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LayerNorm"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RMSNorm"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Layers that rescale activations using batch, layer, or root-mean-square statistics to stabilize and speed training of deep networks."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mixture of experts"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MoE"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An architecture in which a learned router activates a small subset of expert subnetworks per token, decoupling total parameter count from per-token compute."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Expert routing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "gating"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "router"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The gating function that assigns each token to one or more experts, such as top-k softmax gating or expert-choice routing."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Expert capacity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "capacity factor"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The maximum number of tokens an expert processes per batch, set by a capacity factor; tokens beyond it are dropped or rerouted."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Load-balancing loss"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "auxiliary loss"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An auxiliary training objective that penalizes uneven token assignment across experts so routing stays balanced."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Active parameters"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The parameters actually used to process one token or example, as distinct from total stored parameters in conditionally computed models."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Early exit"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "adaptive computation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Terminating inference at an intermediate layer once a confidence criterion is met, so per-input compute varies with input difficulty."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Linear attention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Attention reformulated with kernel feature maps so it is computed in linear time with a fixed-size recurrent state."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "State-space sequence model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SSM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Mamba"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "S4"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Sequence models built on discretized linear state-space recurrences, trainable in parallel and run with constant-size state per step at inference."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Grouped-query attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GQA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-query attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MQA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Attention in which groups of query heads share key and value heads, shrinking the key-value cache and decode memory traffic."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Context-length extension"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RoPE scaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Techniques that extend a trained model's usable sequence length, such as position-encoding interpolation followed by long-sequence fine-tuning."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Context window"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "context length"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The maximum token span a model supports in a stated execution mode, bounding the history it can use and the longest sequences the system must process."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Weight serialization format"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "safetensors"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GGUF"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "pickle-based weights"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The on-disk encoding of a model's parameter tensors and metadata, governing load time, memory mapping, and safety of deserialization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model exchange format"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ONNX"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A framework-neutral representation of a model's operator graph and weights used to move models between training frameworks and inference runtimes."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model export"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TorchScript"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "torch.export"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SavedModel"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Converting a framework model into an artifact with an explicit computation and input contract that a compatible runtime can execute."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model signature"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The declared names, types, and shapes of a model artifact's inputs and outputs, forming its interface contract with callers."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ridge point"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The arithmetic intensity at which a roofline's bandwidth and compute ceilings meet, equal to peak compute throughput divided by peak memory bandwidth."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compute-bound vs. memory-bound"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "compute-bound"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "memory-bound"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "bandwidth-bound"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "overhead-bound"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Classifying a kernel or phase by what limits it: the roofline's arithmetic ceiling, its bandwidth ceiling, or, for operations too small to approach either, fixed per-operation overhead, indicating whether more throughput, more bandwidth, or fewer and larger operations would help."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data-movement energy"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The energy cost of moving operands between storage levels, which grows with distance and typically exceeds the energy of the arithmetic performed on them."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Amdahl's law"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The bound that overall speedup from accelerating part of an execution is limited by the fraction left unaccelerated."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Strong scaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "How time to solution changes as resources increase for a fixed total problem size."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Weak scaling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Gustafson's law"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "How time to solution changes as resources and problem size grow proportionally, keeping work per resource fixed."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Parallel scaling efficiency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "scaling efficiency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Achieved speedup divided by the factor of added resources, measuring how much additional hardware turns into useful progress."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Little's law"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "L = lambda W"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The relation that the mean number of items in a stable system equals mean arrival rate times mean time in the system."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Latency-throughput curve"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "load-latency curve"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The relationship between offered load and latency, in which queueing delay grows sharply as utilization approaches capacity."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Arrival burstiness"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Variability of request inter-arrival times or sizes beyond a Poisson baseline, which raises queueing delay at a given mean utilization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compute-optimal allocation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Chinchilla scaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing model size and training data quantity to minimize loss under a fixed training compute budget, using fitted scaling laws."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training compute estimate"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "6ND"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Approximating dense transformer training compute as roughly six floating-point operations per parameter per training token."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Systolic array"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A grid of processing elements that pass operands rhythmically to neighbors, performing matrix multiplication with high operand reuse and little register-file traffic."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Matrix engine"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Tensor Core"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MXU"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A functional unit that executes small dense matrix multiply-accumulate tiles per instruction, supplying most of an accelerator's peak low-precision throughput."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "SIMT execution"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SIMT"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "An execution model in which groups of threads issue common instructions to active lanes, with divergent paths executed under lane masks and architecture-specific reconvergence."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accelerator dataflow"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stationarity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The mapping that decides which operands stay resident in local storage while others stream, such as weight-, output-, or row-stationary schedules."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Domain-specific architecture"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DSA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Hardware specialized to a class of workloads, trading programmability for higher performance per watt on its target operations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "High-bandwidth memory"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "HBM"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Stacked DRAM placed beside the processor on an interposer, providing very high bandwidth with limited capacity per stack."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "On-chip SRAM and scratchpads"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Small, fast on-die storage, such as caches, shared memory, and register files, used to stage reused operands near compute units."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory wall"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The widening gap between processor arithmetic throughput and memory bandwidth or latency, which makes data movement the limiting factor."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Scale-up interconnect"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "High-bandwidth links and switches, such as NVLink-class fabrics, joining accelerators within a node or rack into one tightly coupled domain."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cache-coherent interconnect"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CXL"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A link protocol that lets hosts and devices share or pool memory with hardware coherence, such as CXL over a PCIe physical layer."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Peer-to-peer device transfer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GPUDirect"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Direct memory access between accelerators, or between accelerators and NICs or storage, without staging data through host memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Thermal design power"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TDP"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The sustained heat dissipation a cooling solution is designed to remove, used as a chip's nominal power envelope."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DVFS"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Adjusting supply voltage and clock frequency at runtime to trade performance for power, since dynamic power grows superlinearly with voltage."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dark silicon"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The fraction of a chip that cannot be powered at full frequency simultaneously within its power and thermal budget."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Power capping"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Enforcing a maximum power draw on a device or group by limiting clocks or activity, trading peak throughput for bounded power."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Microcontroller-class device"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MCU"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TinyML device"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A low-power processor with on-chip flash and kilobytes to a few megabytes of SRAM, typically without an operating system or virtual memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Heterogeneous mobile SoC"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A system-on-chip combining CPU, GPU, DSP, and NPU blocks under shared memory and power limits, across which model operators are partitioned."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "On-device neural accelerator"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "NPU"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An accelerator integrated in mobile or embedded silicon for low-precision neural inference, usually supporting a restricted set of operators."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Energy efficiency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "performance per watt"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Useful work completed per unit energy, such as inferences or tokens per joule, measured within a stated system boundary."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "On-device memory budget"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "app memory limit"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "mobile memory budget"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The flash and SRAM limits that bound a deployed model's stored weights and peak activation memory on embedded hardware."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tensor"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A multidimensional array carrying shape, element type, device, and layout metadata, the core data abstraction of ML frameworks."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computation graph"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A directed graph of tensor operations and their data dependencies representing a model program, used for differentiation, optimization, and scheduling."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Eager vs. graph execution"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "define-by-run"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The choice between running each operation as the host program issues it and building a whole graph first for later optimization and execution."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graph tracing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recording supported operations during a program execution with concrete or abstract inputs to construct an intermediate graph for transformation, compilation, or export."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IO-aware attention kernel"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FlashAttention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An exact attention implementation that tiles queries, keys, and values through on-chip memory to avoid materializing the full score matrix in off-chip memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Convolution lowering"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "im2col"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Implementing convolution by rearranging input patches into matrices for GEMM, or by direct, FFT, or Winograd algorithms with different memory costs."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vendor kernel library"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cuBLAS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cuDNN"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Tuned implementations of common operators supplied for a hardware platform, which frameworks call rather than generating their own kernels."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ML compiler IR"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "graph IR"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MLIR"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Program representations at graph, tensor, and loop levels on which compilers apply lowering and optimization passes."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Kernel autotuning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Searching kernel schedule parameters, such as tile sizes and loop orders, by measurement or learned cost models to find fast implementations for a target."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Kernel DSL"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Triton"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A domain-specific language for writing tiled tensor kernels above the level of vendor assembly, with the compiler handling memory and thread mapping."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Static memory planning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Compile-time assignment of tensor buffers to memory with lifetime-based reuse, reducing peak memory and runtime allocation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Device streams"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CUDA streams"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Ordered queues of device work that the host enqueues asynchronously, with events expressing dependencies and allowing overlap across queues."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Caching memory allocator"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A runtime allocator that retains and reuses freed device memory blocks to avoid costly allocation calls, at the risk of fragmentation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Captured graph replay"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CUDA Graphs"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recording a fixed sequence of kernel launches once and replaying it as a unit to remove per-launch host overhead."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Loss scaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Multiplying the loss before backpropagation so small gradients remain representable in reduced-precision formats, then unscaling before the optimizer step."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Block-scaled number formats"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MX"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "microscaling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MXFP8"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FP8 with block scaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Low-precision formats in which small blocks of values share a scale factor, extending dynamic range for FP8, FP6, FP4, or INT8 elements."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accumulation precision"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The numerical format used to sum products in dot products and reductions, which may differ from input precision and governs rounding-error growth."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Expert parallelism"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EP"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Placing different experts of a mixture-of-experts layer on different devices and exchanging routed tokens among them."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sequence and context parallelism"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "context parallelism"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ring attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sequence parallelism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Partitioning activations along the sequence dimension across devices, exchanging keys, values, or partial results so long sequences fit."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hybrid parallelism"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "3D parallelism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Combining data, tensor, pipeline, and other parallelism dimensions, mapped onto the hardware hierarchy so the most communication-intensive dimension uses the fastest links."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pipeline bubble"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Idle device time during pipeline fill and drain, whose fraction shrinks as the number of microbatches grows relative to pipeline stages."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ring all-reduce"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An all-reduce performed as reduce-scatter then all-gather around a ring, bandwidth-optimal for large messages but with latency linear in participants."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tree and hierarchical all-reduce"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "All-reduce schedules over trees or hierarchical groups, with latency logarithmic in participants, suited to small messages and multi-level networks."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "All-to-all exchange"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AllToAll"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A collective in which every participant sends distinct data to every other, as in expert routing; its throughput is sensitive to bisection bandwidth."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Alpha-beta communication model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "latency-bandwidth model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "network transfer time"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "transfer time"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A cost model estimating message time as a fixed latency term plus message size times a per-byte cost, used to compare collective algorithms."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Gradient compression"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reducing gradient communication through quantization, sparsification, or low-rank approximation, often with error feedback to preserve convergence."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Lease"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A time-bounded grant of authority or cached state that expires unless renewed, letting a system recover from failed holders without explicit release."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Leader election"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Selecting a single coordinator among replicas, typically through consensus and leases, so control decisions have one authoritative source."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bounded staleness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stale synchronous parallel"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A consistency model in which workers may compute on parameters up to a fixed number of updates old, trading freshness for less waiting."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Federated averaging"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FedAvg"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A federated algorithm in which sampled clients run several local optimization steps and a server averages their model updates, weighted by data size."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Statistical heterogeneity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "non-IID data"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Differences in data distribution and quantity across federated clients, which slow convergence and can bias a shared model."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Client selection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing which available devices participate in each federated round, subject to availability, connectivity, and power constraints."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cross-device vs. cross-silo federation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The distinction between federations of many intermittently available devices and federations of a few reliable organizational data holders."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Power usage effectiveness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PUE"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Total facility energy divided by IT equipment energy, measuring overhead from cooling, power conversion, and other non-compute loads."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Liquid cooling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Removing heat with liquid through cold plates or immersion, enabling rack power densities beyond the practical limits of air cooling."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rack power density"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Electrical power drawn per rack, which determines cooling technology, floor layout, and how many accelerators fit within a facility's power envelope."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Power oversubscription"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Deploying more equipment than the sum of nameplate power a feed supports, relying on non-coincident peaks and power capping to stay within limits."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Warehouse-scale computer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "WSC"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A datacenter treated as a single computer whose power, cooling, network, and software are co-designed for a common workload."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Remote direct memory access"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RDMA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "InfiniBand"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RoCE"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Network transfers that read or write remote memory directly through the network interface without remote CPU involvement, giving low latency and high throughput."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Lossless network fabric"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PFC"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A network that avoids packet drops through credit-based or priority flow control, as RDMA transports expect, at the risk of head-of-line blocking."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Datacenter congestion control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DCQCN"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "End-host and switch mechanisms, such as ECN-driven rate control, that limit queue buildup from incast and synchronized collective traffic."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fat-tree (Clos) topology"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Clos"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A multistage switch topology providing many equal-cost paths and, without oversubscription, full bisection bandwidth between endpoints."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rail-optimized topology"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A fabric design connecting the same-index accelerator of every node to a common leaf switch, keeping most collective traffic within one switch hop."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bisection bandwidth"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The minimum total bandwidth across any cut dividing a network into two equal halves, bounding throughput of all-to-all and global exchanges."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "In-network reduction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SHARP"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Performing collective reductions inside network switches so data crosses each link fewer times, lowering all-reduce traffic and latency."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Parallel file system"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Lustre"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GPFS"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A distributed file system that stripes data across many storage servers to deliver aggregate bandwidth to many concurrent clients."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Object storage"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Storage of immutable named objects behind an HTTP-style interface, offering scalable capacity and throughput with higher per-request latency than file systems."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training input pipeline"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data echoing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The read, decode, transform, shuffle, and prefetch stages that deliver batches to accelerators; when slower than compute, they cause data stalls."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Checkpoint I/O"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Writing and reading large training-state snapshots, where storage bandwidth, asynchronous persistence, and sharded layout determine checkpoint cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Storage tiering and caching"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Placing data across tiers, from memory and local NVMe caches to shared and archival storage, according to access frequency and cost."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Gang scheduling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Allocating all resources a parallel job needs at once, or none, so tightly coupled workers start together and partial allocations cannot deadlock."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Job preemption"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Suspending or evicting a running job to reclaim its resources for higher-priority work, at a cost set by checkpointing and lost progress."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dominant resource fairness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DRF"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A multi-resource fair-sharing policy that equalizes each user's largest share across resource types such as accelerators, CPUs, and memory."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Elastic training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training that continues while the number of workers changes, resharding state and adjusting batch size or learning rate as resources join or leave."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Topology-aware placement"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Assigning a job's workers to devices and nodes so that heavily communicating groups share fast links or switches."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bin packing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Placing jobs onto nodes to minimize fragmentation of resources such as accelerators, trading packing density against interference and locality."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-tenancy"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Sharing infrastructure among teams, jobs, or customers under policies for allocation, isolation, priority, and accounting."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Resource quota"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A limit on the resources a tenant may hold or request, sometimes with guaranteed minimums and borrowing of idle capacity."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accelerator sharing and partitioning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MIG"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GPU sharing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SR-IOV"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running several workloads on one accelerator by time-slicing, concurrent contexts, or hardware partitions with dedicated memory and compute slices."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Spot and preemptible capacity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Discounted compute that the provider may reclaim at short notice, usable by workloads that tolerate interruption."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Performance interference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "noisy neighbor"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Slowdown of one workload caused by co-located workloads contending for shared caches, memory bandwidth, network, or power."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Weak supervision"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Producing training labels from noisy programmatic sources such as heuristics, rules, or distant supervision, then modeling and combining their errors."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Active learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Selecting which unlabeled examples to annotate next according to their expected value to the model."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inter-annotator agreement"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The degree to which independent annotators assign the same label to the same item, used to measure label reliability and task ambiguity."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Quality filtering"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Removing or down-weighting training examples judged low quality by heuristics, classifiers, or model scores."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data mixture"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "domain mixture"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The proportions in which source domains or datasets are sampled during training."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Synthetic data"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training or evaluation examples generated by simulators, programs, or models rather than collected from the target environment."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data augmentation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Creating additional training examples by applying label-preserving transformations to existing ones."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data validation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Automated checks of incoming data against expected schema, value ranges, and distributions before it is used for training or serving."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature store"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A system that defines, computes, stores, and serves features consistently for offline training and online inference."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Stream processing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Continuously transforming unbounded event streams with low latency and incrementally maintained state."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature backfill"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recomputing a feature's historical values under a new or corrected definition so training data matches what serving will produce."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dataset versioning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recording immutable, addressable versions of datasets so that a training run or evaluation can identify exactly which data it used."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data dependency debt"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Undeclared, unstable, or underused input signals on which a model depends, which can change or break its behavior silently."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature freshness"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "How recent a feature's value is at the moment it is used for a prediction, relative to the recency assumed when training examples were built; stale values shift inputs away from the training distribution."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Learning-rate schedule"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The planned variation of the optimizer step size over training, such as warmup followed by decay."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Critical batch size"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The batch size beyond which increasing it further yields diminishing reductions in optimization steps to reach a target loss."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training instability"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Loss spikes, divergence, or collapse during training, often mitigated by gradient clipping, schedule changes, normalization, or restarting from a checkpoint."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Gradient accumulation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Summing gradients over several micro-batches before one optimizer update to emulate a larger batch within limited memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training-state offloading"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Moving optimizer state, parameters, or activations from accelerator memory to host memory or storage between uses."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Experiment tracking"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recording each run's code, data, configuration, metrics, and artifacts in a queryable store for comparison and reproduction."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hyperparameter transfer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "muP"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Tuning hyperparameters on smaller proxy models and reusing them at larger scale under a parameterization designed to keep them stable."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Supervised fine-tuning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SFT"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "instruction tuning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Continued training of a pretrained model on input-output demonstrations, such as instruction-response pairs, to shape task behavior."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Low-rank adaptation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LoRA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "QLoRA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "low-rank adapters"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Fine-tuning by learning low-rank update matrices added to frozen pretrained weights."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reward model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A learned model that scores outputs or trajectories to supply the training signal for policy optimization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Direct preference optimization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DPO"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training a policy directly on preferred-versus-rejected output pairs with a classification-style loss, without a separate reward model or RL loop."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "RL with verifiable rewards"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RLVR"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Reinforcement learning whose rewards come from programmatic outcome checks, making verifier correctness and reward computation part of the training system."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "RL rollout generation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Sampling responses or trajectories from the current policy, often with an inference engine, to produce experience for policy updates."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Policy weight synchronization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Transferring updated policy weights from training workers to rollout workers, whose cost and frequency shape RL post-training throughput."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Policy staleness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "off-policy lag"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The lag between the policy version that generated rollouts and the version being updated, introduced by asynchronous rollout and training."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Credit assignment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "temporal credit assignment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-turn credit assignment"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Attributing a delayed or episode-level reward to the individual actions, turns, or tokens that produced it, so updates reinforce the responsible decisions."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Online learning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Updating a model incrementally as each example or small batch arrives, rather than retraining on a fixed dataset."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Incremental training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stateful training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "warm-start training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "continued pretraining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "domain-adaptive pretraining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "continual pretraining"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Continuing training of an existing model from its current weights on new data instead of training from scratch."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Catastrophic forgetting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Loss of previously learned capability when a model is trained on new data or tasks."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Experience replay"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Mixing stored past examples into updates on new data to reduce forgetting or reuse experience."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "On-device training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Updating model parameters on the deployment device using local data under its memory, energy, and compute limits."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cross-validation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Estimating performance by repeatedly training on some data partitions and evaluating on the held-out remainder."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sequential testing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SPRT"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "always-valid inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Experimental analysis that permits repeated looks at accumulating data while controlling error rates, unlike fixed-horizon tests."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Experiment interference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SUTVA violation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Treatment of one experimental unit affecting outcomes of another, violating the no-interference assumption (SUTVA) of standard A/B analysis."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Conformal prediction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Constructing prediction sets from conformity scores with finite-sample coverage guarantees under stated assumptions, such as exchangeability."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Slice discovery"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Automatically finding coherent data subsets on which a model underperforms, without predefined slice labels."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model-based grading"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LLM-as-judge"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Using a language model to score or compare generated outputs against a rubric, with its own biases and error rates to be measured."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "pass@k"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "The probability that at least one of k sampled outputs satisfies a correctness check."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pairwise preference evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Ranking models from judgments of which of two outputs is better, typically aggregated with a Bradley-Terry or Elo-style model."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Human evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Assessment of system outputs by people following a protocol, used where automatic metrics or model graders are not trusted."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Benchmark contamination"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Presence of evaluation items, or close variants, in a model's training data, inflating measured performance."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Time to train"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Wall-clock time for a system to train a specified model to a specified quality target under fixed run rules."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inference load scenario"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A specified query-arrival pattern and latency constraint, such as single-stream, server, or offline, under which inference performance is measured."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Metamorphic testing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Testing by checking that known relations hold between outputs for related inputs, when correct outputs for single inputs are unknown."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Behavioral testing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Testing model capabilities with targeted input suites for invariance, directional change, and minimum functionality, independent of aggregate accuracy."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Production-readiness assessment"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A structured rubric of data, model, infrastructure, and monitoring tests used to judge whether an ML system is ready to operate."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Online inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "real-time prediction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Producing predictions on demand for individual requests within a latency target."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Batch inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "offline prediction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Computing predictions for many inputs in scheduled jobs and storing them for later lookup."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model server"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "inference server"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A service that loads model artifacts and executes inference requests behind a network interface, managing versions, batching, and resources."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-model serving"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Hosting many models or adapters on shared serving resources, trading isolation and load time against utilization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compound AI system"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LM program"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LLM pipeline"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An application composing multiple model calls, retrievers, and tools into one program whose components and control flow are tuned and served jointly for quality and cost."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "LM program optimization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prompt optimization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Automatically tuning the prompts, demonstrations, or weights of each model call in a declared pipeline against an end-to-end metric rather than per call."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Time to first token"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TTFT"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Latency from request arrival until the first generated token is returned, dominated by queueing and prefill."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Time per output token"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TPOT"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "For a request producing multiple tokens, its elapsed decoding time after the first output divided by its remaining generated-token count, summarizing average decoding speed at a declared measurement boundary."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hedged requests"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Issuing a duplicate request to another replica when the first has not responded within a delay, and using whichever returns first."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continuous batching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "iteration-level batching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "in-flight batching"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Scheduling at each generation iteration so finished sequences leave and new requests join a running batch."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Request load balancing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Distributing requests across replicas according to load, locality, or cached state."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model cold start"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Delay before a newly started replica can serve, from provisioning, loading weights, and warming runtime state."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Chunked prefill"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Splitting a long prompt's prefill into chunks interleaved with decode steps to bound per-iteration latency."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prefill-decode disaggregation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "disaggregated serving"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running prefill and decode on separate resource pools, transferring KV state between them, so each phase is provisioned and batched independently."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Decoding and sampling controls"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "temperature"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "top-k sampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "nucleus sampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "top-p"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "min-p"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "repetition penalty"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "greedy decoding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Parameters and rules, such as greedy, temperature, top-k, and nucleus sampling, that determine how tokens are chosen from a model's distribution."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Constrained decoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "grammar-guided decoding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A generation mechanism that restricts token choices to continuations permitted by an output constraint, so a successfully completed output satisfies the supported syntax or schema constraints."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Output validation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Checking generated output against declared schemas or rules and reporting whether it satisfies them."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reasoning budget"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "thinking budget"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A limit on the intermediate tokens or steps a model may spend before answering, set to trade quality against latency and cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Best-of-n sampling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Generating n candidate outputs and returning the one ranked highest by a scorer or verifier."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Self-consistency voting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "majority voting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Sampling multiple reasoning paths and returning the most frequent final answer."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Verifier"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "outcome reward model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A model or program that judges whether a candidate output or reasoning step is correct, used for selection, search, or reward."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Process reward model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PRM"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A verifier that scores intermediate reasoning steps rather than only final answers."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inference-time search"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Exploring a tree of partial solutions, as in beam or tree search, guided by a scorer, to find a higher-quality output."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Test-time scaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "The empirical relation between inference compute spent per query and output quality, used to allocate compute between model size and inference."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Retrieval-augmented generation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RAG"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Conditioning generation on documents retrieved for the request so outputs can draw on information outside the model's parameters."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dense retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "two-tower model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dual encoder"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "bi-encoder"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Retrieving records by similarity between learned embeddings of query and records."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Lexical retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sparse retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "BM25"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Retrieving records by weighted term overlap with the query using an inverted index, as in BM25."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reranking"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reordering a retrieved candidate set with a more expensive relevance model before use."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model conversion"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Translating a trained model into the format and operator set of a target runtime, possibly changing numerics and supported operations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "On-device inference runtime"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "browser inference runtime"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "WebGPU inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "WebAssembly inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An interpreter or compiled engine that executes models locally on personal or embedded devices, including inside browsers, under the target environment's memory, operator, and execution limits."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Over-the-air model update"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "OTA update"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "on-demand model download"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model download on first use"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "deferred model download"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Delivering model weights to deployed devices remotely, whether the first download after installation or a later version, with staging, verification, and rollback across the device fleet."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Device-cloud partitioning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "split computing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "offloading"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Splitting inference between device and server, by layer or by model, to balance latency, energy, bandwidth, and privacy."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Device heterogeneity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Variation in hardware, operating system, and runtime capability across a deployed device fleet that a single model release must accommodate."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model registry"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A versioned store of model artifacts with metadata, lineage, and lifecycle stage used to govern promotion and deployment."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Shadow deployment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shadow mode"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running a candidate model on live traffic without serving its outputs, to compare it against the production model."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "CI/CD for ML"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Automated building, testing, and deployment of ML code, data checks, and model artifacts on each change."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Release gate"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "validation gate"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A predeclared set of checks a candidate model must pass before it advances to a wider deployment stage."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Drift detection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Statistical tests or distances comparing production and reference distributions of inputs, predictions, or outcomes to flag change."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prediction logging"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recording requests, model versions, outputs, and later outcomes so production behavior can be analyzed, debugged, and reused as data."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Alerting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Rules that turn monitored signals into notifications for responders, tuned to balance missed incidents against alert fatigue."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Retraining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "retraining trigger"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "retraining cadence"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training a replacement version of a deployed model on updated or revised data, with timing and data chosen to balance staleness against training and validation cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continuous training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CT"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An automated pipeline that retrains, validates, and proposes models on a schedule or when triggered by data or performance signals."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Blameless postmortem"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A written analysis after an incident of its timeline, causes, and corrective actions, focused on system fixes rather than blame."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ML failure attribution"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Determining whether a production failure stems from data, model, code, configuration, or infrastructure, or from an adversary."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ML configuration management"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Treating model, feature, and pipeline configuration as versioned, reviewed, and tested code."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Infrastructure as code"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "IaC"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Declaring compute, storage, and service infrastructure in versioned machine-readable files from which environments are provisioned."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ML platform"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Shared internal infrastructure and services that standardize how teams train, deploy, and operate models."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ML technical debt"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Accumulated system costs from shortcuts in ML code, data dependencies, configuration, and pipelines that make future change slower and riskier."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Entanglement"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CACE"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The property that changing any input, feature, or hyperparameter of a model can change its behavior on everything else."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Undeclared consumers"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Systems that use a model's outputs without the model owner's knowledge, creating hidden coupling."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "MLOps maturity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Staged levels of automation, from manual training and deployment to automated continuous training and delivery."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ML team roles"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The division of responsibilities among data, modeling, platform, and operations roles that owns an ML system across its lifecycle."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model deprecation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Planned withdrawal of a model from service, including notifying and migrating its consumers before removing it."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Artifact archival"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Preserving retired models, data references, and evaluation records needed for audit, reproduction, or rollback after service ends."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data retention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Policy and mechanisms that set how long data, logs, and derived artifacts are kept and when they are deleted."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model FLOPs utilization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MFU"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Model-required floating-point operations per second achieved, divided by the aggregate peak FLOP rate of the hardware used, excluding recomputation."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bottleneck analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "optimization prioritization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "optimization planning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Identifying the resource or stage, such as compute, memory bandwidth, I/O, or communication, whose capacity limits end-to-end throughput or latency for a workload."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training goodput"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ML goodput"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The fraction of allocated accelerator time that produces retained training progress, after losses to scheduling, failures, restarts, and lost work."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pruning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Removing weights, neurons, channels, or other structures judged unimportant from a network, usually followed by fine-tuning to recover quality."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Structured pruning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Pruning whole channels, filters, heads, or layers so that the remaining model stays dense and runs faster without sparse-execution support."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Low-rank factorization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "low-rank approximation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Approximating a weight matrix or tensor by a product of smaller factors of reduced rank to cut parameters and operations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Quantization-aware training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "QAT"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training or fine-tuning with simulated quantization in the forward pass so the model adapts to reduced precision, in contrast to post-training quantization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Neural architecture search"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "NAS"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Automated search over a defined space of network architectures for designs that optimize a stated objective such as accuracy under a cost budget."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware-aware NAS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "platform-aware NAS"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Architecture search whose objective includes latency, energy, or memory measured or predicted on the target device rather than proxy counts such as FLOPs."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Depthwise separable convolution"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Factoring a standard convolution into a per-channel spatial convolution followed by a pointwise convolution, reducing operations and parameters."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accuracy-efficiency frontier"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "accuracy-cost frontier"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "The set of model configurations for which no alternative improves quality without worsening a stated cost measure, such as latency, memory, or energy, on a stated platform."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model-hardware co-design"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Jointly choosing model architecture and hardware or kernel design so that each exploits the other's structure."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Retry with backoff"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reissuing a failed request after increasing, typically jittered, delays and within a retry budget, so that transient faults recover without overloading dependencies."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Circuit breaker"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A client-side guard that stops sending requests to a failing dependency after an error threshold and probes it before resuming traffic."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Replication and failover"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Maintaining redundant replicas of a service or state and redirecting work to a healthy replica when one fails."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graceful degradation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Continuing to serve with reduced quality, features, or freshness under failure or overload instead of failing outright."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Optimal checkpoint interval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Young-Daly interval"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The checkpoint period that minimizes expected lost time, balancing checkpoint write cost against expected rework, approximately the square root of twice the write cost times MTBF."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Asynchronous checkpointing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Snapshotting training state quickly to host memory and persisting it in the background so computation resumes before the durable write completes."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Silent data corruption"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SDC"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Hardware producing wrong computational results without raising an error or crash, so the corruption propagates undetected."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mean time between failures"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MTBF"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The expected operating time between failures of a component or system; for independent components, system MTBF shrinks roughly in inverse proportion to component count."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Availability"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The fraction of time or requests for which a system performs its specified function, approximately MTBF divided by MTBF plus mean time to repair."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Gray failure"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A partial or degraded failure that some observers detect and others do not, such as a slow or lossy node that still passes health checks."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Failure domain"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A set of components that can fail together from a shared cause, such as a rack, power feed, switch, or software release."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Algorithm-based fault tolerance"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ABFT"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Detecting or correcting computational errors by carrying checksums through an algorithm, such as matrix multiplication, and verifying invariants on its outputs."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Chaos engineering"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running controlled experiments that inject real-world failures into production-like systems to test a hypothesis about steady-state behavior."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Game day"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "disaster recovery exercise"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A scheduled exercise in which teams deliberately trigger failure scenarios to rehearse detection, response, and recovery procedures."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware fault injection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Emulating hardware faults such as bit flips in weights, activations, or registers to measure how errors propagate to model outputs."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Blast radius"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The extent of users, components, or effects that a single fault, change, or experiment can impact."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Backdoor attack"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "trojan attack"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Implanting a hidden behavior in a model, via poisoned data or modified weights, that activates only on inputs containing an attacker-chosen trigger."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Jailbreak"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A user-crafted input that induces a model to bypass its safety training or usage policy and produce disallowed output."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Adversarial training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training on adversarially perturbed inputs generated during training to increase robustness within a specified perturbation set."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model extraction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model stealing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reconstructing a functionally equivalent copy or the parameters of a model by querying its prediction interface."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model watermarking"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Embedding a verifiable signature in a model's parameters or its behavior on trigger inputs so that ownership of copies or derivatives can later be demonstrated, with survival under fine-tuning, pruning, and distillation deciding its value."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model artifact signing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Cryptographically signing model files and their provenance metadata so that consumers can verify integrity and origin before loading."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Unsafe model deserialization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Code execution triggered by loading a model stored in an executable serialization format, such as pickle, from an untrusted source."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ML supply-chain compromise"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Introducing malicious or vulnerable components into an ML system through third-party datasets, pretrained weights, libraries, build tools, or hardware."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Membership inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Inferring whether a specific record was in a model's training data from the model's outputs or parameters."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model inversion"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "gradient inversion"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "attribute inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reconstructing sensitive attributes or representative training inputs from a model's outputs, confidence scores, or shared parameter gradients."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "DP-SGD"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "differentially private SGD"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Stochastic gradient descent with per-example gradient clipping and calibrated noise, with privacy loss tracked across steps by an accountant."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Machine unlearning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Removing the influence of specified training records from a trained model, either exactly by retraining or approximately at lower cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Secure aggregation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A cryptographic protocol that lets a server compute the sum of client updates without seeing any individual client's update."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Least privilege"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Granting each component or actor only the permissions its task requires, for only as long as it requires them."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Confidential computing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "trusted execution environment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TEE"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Protecting data and models while in use by running computation inside hardware-isolated, attestable trusted execution environments."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Remote attestation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A procedure by which a platform proves to a remote verifier the identity and measured state of its hardware and software before receiving secrets."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Side-channel attack"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Inferring secrets from observable resource behavior, such as timing, power, memory, or cache contention, across an isolation boundary."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Grid carbon intensity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Greenhouse-gas emissions per unit of electricity supplied, varying by region, time, and generation mix, in grams CO2-equivalent per kilowatt-hour."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operational carbon"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Emissions from electricity consumed while operating a system, computed from energy use and the carbon intensity of its supply."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Emission scopes"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GHG scopes"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The GHG Protocol classification of emissions into direct (Scope 1), purchased energy (Scope 2), and value-chain (Scope 3) categories."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Carbon-aware scheduling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Shifting flexible workloads in time or location toward periods and regions of lower grid carbon intensity, subject to deadlines and capacity."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Energy per inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Energy consumed to process one input end to end on a device, the binding metric for battery-powered and energy-harvesting deployments."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embodied carbon"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Emissions from manufacturing, transporting, and disposing of hardware and facilities, attributed to a system independent of its operation."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Life cycle assessment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LCA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A standardized method for compiling and evaluating a product's environmental inputs, outputs, and impacts from raw materials through disposal."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Water footprint"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "water usage"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Water withdrawn or consumed by a system, on site for cooling and off site for electricity generation, per unit of work or over its lifetime."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware service lifetime"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "refresh cycle"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The period a hardware asset stays in service before replacement, over which its embodied impacts and capital cost are amortized."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electronic waste"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "e-waste"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Discarded electronic equipment and components, including retired accelerators and servers, and the hazards and lost materials of their disposal."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Total cost of ownership"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TCO"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The full cost of acquiring and operating a system over its life, including capital, energy, facilities, networking, staff, and amortization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cost per token"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Serving or API expenditure divided by tokens processed or generated, often priced separately for input and output tokens."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cost attribution"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FinOps"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "chargeback"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Allocating shared infrastructure spend to teams, models, or workloads so that owners see and act on their costs."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hazard analysis"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Systematically identifying conditions under which a system could contribute to harm, with their causes, severity, and required controls."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "System-theoretic process analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "STPA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Hazard analysis that models a system as a control structure and identifies unsafe control actions and the flawed feedback or process models that cause them."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Failure modes and effects analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FMEA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Enumerating each component's possible failure modes and tracing their effects on system behavior to rank and mitigate them."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Functional insufficiency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An insufficiency in the specification or performance of an intended function that can contribute to hazardous behavior without a fault covered by functional-safety analysis."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Safety filter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shield"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shielding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "action shield"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A runtime component that passes a proposed action when it is certified safe and otherwise replaces it with a minimally different safe action."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Control barrier function"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CBF"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A function whose sign defines a safe set and whose derivative condition yields input constraints that keep the system state inside that set."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Simplex architecture"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Pairing an unverified high-performance controller with a verified safety controller and a decision module that switches to the safety controller before safety is lost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Minimal-risk condition"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MRC"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "safe fallback"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "fallback ladder"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A predefined reduced-capability state the system reaches when it can no longer operate safely, often via an ordered ladder of fallback behaviors."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Guardrails"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "content safety filter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "safety classifier"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Runtime checks on model inputs and outputs that detect and block, rewrite, or escalate content or actions violating a stated safety policy."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Scenario-based testing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Validating a system against a structured catalog of operating scenarios and their parameter ranges, with coverage measured over the operating domain."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Simulation-based falsification"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Searching scenario parameters, often guided by temporal-logic robustness, to find counterexamples that violate a safety specification."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Formal verification"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Mathematically proving that a model of a system satisfies a formal specification for all behaviors within stated assumptions."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Neural network verification"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Proving or refuting input-output properties of a trained network over a bounded input region, such as local robustness, using exact or bound-propagation methods."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rare-event safety validation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Estimating or bounding failure probabilities too small to observe in feasible exposure, using importance sampling, extreme-value models, or zero-failure statistical bounds."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "X-in-the-loop testing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "HIL"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "software-in-the-loop"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "hardware-in-the-loop"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A qualification ladder that runs the real software, then real hardware, against simulated or recorded environments before physical trials."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Goal Structuring Notation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GSN"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A graphical notation for safety cases that links goals, strategies, solutions (evidence), context, and assumptions into an explicit argument structure."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Functional safety"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ISO 26262"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "IEC 61508"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "safety lifecycle"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Absence of unreasonable risk from malfunctioning electrical or electronic systems, achieved through a standardized safety lifecycle such as IEC 61508 or ISO 26262."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Safety integrity level"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SIL"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ASIL"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A graded risk class assigned to a safety function that sets the rigor of development, verification, and tolerable failure rate required."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Safety performance indicator"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SPI"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A field-measured metric tied to a safety-case claim whose threshold violation signals that the argument may no longer hold."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Group fairness metrics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "demographic parity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "equalized odds"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "predictive parity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "disparate impact ratio"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "equal opportunity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Statistics comparing selection rates, error rates, or calibration of a model's decisions across protected groups."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Individual fairness"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A requirement that individuals who are similar with respect to the task receive similar outcomes under a stated similarity metric."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fairness criteria incompatibility"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The result that calibration and error-rate parity across groups cannot generally hold together when base rates differ, forcing an explicit choice among criteria."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bias mitigation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Interventions on data (pre-processing), training objective (in-processing), or decisions (post-processing) that reduce measured disparities, usually at some cost in other metrics."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature attribution"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SHAP"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LIME"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "integrated gradients"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "saliency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Post-hoc explanation assigning each input feature a contribution to a specific prediction."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Counterfactual explanation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An explanation stating the smallest feasible change to an input that would change the model's decision."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inherently interpretable model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A model whose structure, such as a sparse linear model, short rule list, or shallow tree, can be directly inspected to understand its predictions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model card"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model documentation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A standardized document reporting a model's intended use, evaluation results across conditions and groups, limitations, and ethical considerations."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Datasheet for datasets"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data card"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A standardized document recording a dataset's motivation, composition, collection process, preprocessing, intended uses, and maintenance."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Contestability and recourse"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The ability of an affected person to understand, challenge, and obtain review or reversal of a consequential automated decision."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automation bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "automation complacency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ironies of automation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The tendency of human supervisors to over-rely on automated outputs and to lose the vigilance and skill needed to catch their errors."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Authority handover"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "takeover"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shared autonomy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "bumpless transfer"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Transfer of control between an automated system and a human operator, bounded by human reaction time, situational awareness, and mode clarity."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI risk management"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "NIST AI RMF"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ISO/IEC 42001"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An organizational process to govern, map, measure, and manage risks of AI systems throughout their lifecycle."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Algorithmic impact assessment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data protection impact assessment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DPIA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A structured pre-deployment analysis of who an AI system could affect, how, and with what severity, used to decide mitigations or whether to deploy."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Algorithmic audit"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An internal or independent examination of an AI system's development records and behavior against stated requirements, standards, or law."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Risk-tiered AI regulation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EU AI Act"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Law that classifies AI uses by risk level and imposes obligations, such as conformity assessment, documentation, and human oversight, scaled to that level."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Frontier safety framework"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "responsible scaling policy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "preparedness framework"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A developer policy that ties dangerous-capability evaluation thresholds to required safeguards before further training or deployment of frontier models."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Context compaction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Replacing older parts of an agent's context with summaries or structured records so a long task fits the model's input budget."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Long-context degradation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "lost in the middle"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "context rot"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Decline in a model's use of relevant information as context grows or as that information sits away from the context's start or end."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Long-term agent memory"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A persistent store an agent writes to and retrieves from across calls and sessions, with policies for consolidation, expiry, and invalidation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Function calling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tool calling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tool use"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A model emitting a structured invocation of a declared tool, which the harness validates, executes, and returns as an observation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tool discovery protocol"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Model Context Protocol"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MCP"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A shared client-server interface through which agent hosts discover the tools, resources, and prompts external services expose, with their schemas, reducing custom integration."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer use"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GUI agent"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "browser agent"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An agent operating graphical software through screenshots or accessibility trees and synthesized keyboard and pointer input."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agent harness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent loop"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent runtime"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The runtime that repeatedly calls a model, dispatches its tool actions, appends observations, and decides whether the trajectory continues, pauses, or ends."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agent execution budget"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Limits on turns, tokens, wall-clock time, or spend for a trajectory, with stopping rules applied when a limit or completion criterion is reached."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Action approval gate"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "human-in-the-loop approval"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A harness checkpoint that holds a specific proposed action until an authorized human or policy approves it, binding the approval to that exact action."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Durable execution"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Execution that persists workflow progress and reuses recorded results on recovery, with external-effect guarantees determined by endpoint idempotency, transactional boundaries, and reconciliation."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Record and replay"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "deterministic replay"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Re-executing a trajectory from its log by substituting recorded model outputs and tool results, to reproduce, debug, or test a divergence."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Suspend and resume"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Persisting a trajectory while it waits on a human, timer, or external event, then resuming with a validated state and authority."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-agent orchestration"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "orchestrator-worker"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "delegation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Structuring a task as delegated subtasks among agents under a topology, such as orchestrator-worker or peer, with typed handoffs and result merging."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Shared agent state"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Task state read and written by several agents, requiring concurrency control such as leases or optimistic versioning to avoid lost or conflicting updates."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-agent coordination failure"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Task failure arising from interaction among agents, such as mis-specified delegation, lost context at handoff, conflicting actions, or premature termination."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Correlated agent errors"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Errors shared across agents built on the same model or prompts, which make voting, debate, or cross-checking less independent than assumed."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Robot perception"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Models that convert raw sensor streams into task-relevant scene estimates, such as detections, segmentation, depth, and pose, under latency limits."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sensor fusion"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Combining measurements from multiple sensors or modalities, at raw, feature, or decision level, into one estimate more accurate or robust than any single source."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sensor time synchronization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Aligning clocks and timestamps across sensors, compute, and actuators so measurements can be associated with the physical instant they describe."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Recursive state filtering"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Kalman filter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EKF"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "particle filter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "filter consistency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "NEES"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "NIS"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Updating a state estimate and its uncertainty by alternating model-based prediction with measurement correction at each step."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Simultaneous localization and mapping"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SLAM"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Jointly estimating a platform's pose and a map of an unknown environment from its own sensor observations."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Learned world model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A learned model that predicts future observations or latent states conditioned on actions, used for planning, policy training, or simulation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Motion planning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Computing a collision-free path or trajectory from a start to a goal configuration using search, sampling, or trajectory optimization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model predictive control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MPC (control)"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Repeatedly solving a finite-horizon constrained optimal control problem from the current state and applying only the first input."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Real-time scheduling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "rate-monotonic"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EDF"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "response-time analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "hard real-time deadline"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Assigning processor time to periodic and sporadic tasks so that each meets its deadline, with schedulability established by analysis."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mixed-criticality partitioning"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running functions of different assurance levels on shared hardware while preventing lower-criticality work from delaying or corrupting higher-criticality functions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vision-language-action model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "VLA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "robot foundation model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A policy built on a pretrained vision-language backbone that maps images and language instructions to robot actions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Teleoperation data"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Robot demonstrations collected by humans driving the robot remotely, whose cost, coverage, and action-label fidelity bound imitation-learned policies."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Action chunking"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Predicting a short sequence of future actions per policy inference, decoupling model invocation rate from control rate and reducing compounding error."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Domain randomization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training in simulation over randomized visual and physical parameters so the policy treats the real world as one more variation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Thread hierarchy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "grid/block/warp"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The decomposition of a kernel into grids of thread blocks and warps that share on-chip memory and synchronize at defined scopes."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory coalescing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "coalesced access"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Combining memory requests from threads in a warp into fewer global-memory transactions, reducing wasted memory traffic."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Occupancy and latency hiding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "occupancy"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The ratio of resident to maximum warps, and how oversubscribing threads hides memory latency at the cost of registers and shared memory per thread."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Asynchronous data movement"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TMA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Transferring data into on-chip memory while independent computation proceeds, with explicit synchronization on the transfer's completion; hardware copy engines and producer-consumer warp roles are its implementations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Matrix-engine programming"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tensor core programming"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MMA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Issuing tile-level matrix-multiply-accumulate instructions with the layouts, fragment shapes, and precisions a tensor-core-class unit requires."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embedding-table sharding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DLRM sharding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Partitioning very large sparse embedding tables row-, column-, or table-wise across devices, usually model-parallel beside data-parallel dense layers."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embedding cache and tiering"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "embedding offload"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Keeping frequently accessed embedding rows in accelerator memory and cold rows in host memory or SSD, exploiting the skew of lookups."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Parameter server"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PS architecture"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An architecture in which workers pull and push model parameters from sharded server processes, common for sparse recommendation models and asynchronous training."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-stage retrieval and ranking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ranking funnel"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "candidate generation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Candidate generation followed by progressively costlier ranking stages under one latency budget, the dominant architecture for recommendation and search."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multimodal model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "vision-language model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "VLM"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A model that consumes or produces several modalities, such as text, images, audio, or video, through modality encoders feeding a shared backbone."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Modality encoder"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "vision encoder"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A network that turns images, audio, or video into token sequences for a shared backbone; visual tokens often dominate prefill cost and KV size."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multimodal encoder disaggregation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "encode-prefill-decode disaggregation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Scheduling modality encoders separately from prefill and decode and caching encoder outputs so image or audio inputs do not stall token generation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automatic parallelization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "auto-sharding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "automatic parallelism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Compiler-derived multi-device partitioning of a single-device program, found by propagating sharding annotations or by searching parallelism strategies under a cost model."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sharding annotation and propagation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SPMD partitioning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GSPMD-style sharding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Annotating a few tensors with layouts over a device mesh and letting the compiler infer the remaining layouts and insert required collectives, yielding one SPMD program."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Device mesh"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A logical multidimensional arrangement of devices whose axes are assigned to parallelism dimensions, usually aligned so the busiest axis maps to the fastest interconnect."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Composable function transformations"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "grad/vmap/jit"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "functional transformations"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Higher-order operations that map pure array functions to new functions, such as differentiation, vectorization, compilation, and sharding, and compose subject to each transformation's input, output, and tracing contract."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed task and actor runtime"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "actor model runtime"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Ray-style runtime"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A runtime exposing stateless remote tasks and stateful actors as future-returning calls scheduled across a cluster; implementations add a shared object store and lineage-based recovery."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Single- vs. multi-controller execution"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Whether one coordinating process issues work to all devices or every host runs the same program independently, trading orchestration flexibility against dispatch scalability."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Analytical performance model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A closed-form model composing compute, memory, communication, and queueing terms to predict a workload's time, memory, and cost on a configuration without running it."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Performance simulation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "system simulation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Predicting system behavior by executing a model of compute, memory, network, or scheduling events at a chosen granularity, trading simulation speed against detail."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Simulator fidelity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "validation error"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Agreement between a performance model's or simulator's predictions and measured behavior on reference workloads, reported as validation error over stated configurations."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Post-training quantization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PTQ"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SmoothQuant"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Quantizing a trained model without retraining, choosing scales and rounding from statistics of the weights and, for many methods, a small calibration set of representative inputs."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Weight-only quantization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "W4A16"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GPTQ"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AWQ"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "codebook weight quantization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "vector quantization of weights"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "additive quantization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Storing weights at low bit width while computing in higher-precision activations, cutting memory traffic for bandwidth-bound decoding, with error-compensating or activation-aware rounding."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Activation outliers"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "outlier features"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Rare, large-magnitude activation channels in large transformers that inflate quantization ranges, handled by mixed-precision decomposition or by migrating scale into weights."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "KV-cache quantization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV quantization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Storing attention keys and values at reduced precision, often with per-channel keys and per-token values, to raise batch size or context length under fixed memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "N:M structured sparsity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "2:4 sparsity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "semi-structured sparsity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A fine-grained pattern keeping at most N nonzero values in every group of M, such as 2:4, that matrix engines can skip for real speedup."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "KV-cache offloading and tiering"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV offload"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV tiering"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Moving KV-cache blocks from accelerator memory to host memory or SSD and reloading them on reuse, extending cache capacity at transfer bandwidth and latency cost."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "KV-cache transfer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV migration"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Shipping KV state between instances or nodes, as in disaggregated prefill and decode or cross-instance prefix reuse, overlapped with compute to hide network latency."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model routing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing which model serves each request from request features, predicted quality, and cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model gateway"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LLM gateway"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AI gateway"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A proxy in front of one or more model providers that centralizes authentication, routing, rate limits, fallbacks, and usage logging for model calls."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-adapter serving"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-LoRA serving"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-tenant LoRA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Serving many low-rank adapters over one shared base model by batching requests for different adapters with heterogeneous kernels and paging adapter weights on demand."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "KV-cache eviction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV token eviction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV-cache sparsification"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "heavy-hitter retention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "attention sink retention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sink-aware KV eviction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Retaining only a selected subset of cached key-value entries, chosen by attention scores, recency, or learned importance, to bound KV memory during long generation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "CPU-GPU hybrid inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "host-assisted inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CPU offloaded attention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Splitting inference so the host CPU computes some operations, such as attention or rarely active neurons, from host memory when model or KV state exceeds accelerator memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graph-based vector index"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "HNSW"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "proximity-graph index"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An approximate nearest-neighbor index linking vectors into a proximity graph, often hierarchical, searched by greedy traversal for high recall at high memory cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Partitioned and quantized vector index"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "IVF-PQ"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An index that clusters vectors into partitions probed selectively and compresses them with product quantization, trading recall for memory footprint and scan cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Filtered vector search"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "predicate-constrained ANN"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Nearest-neighbor search restricted to records satisfying metadata predicates, where naive pre- or post-filtering loses recall or cost under selective filters."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vector index freshness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "streaming ANN updates"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The delay and recall cost of reflecting inserts, updates, and deletes in an ANN index, managed by incremental insertion, delta indexes, tombstones, and periodic rebuilds."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Numerical nondeterminism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Run-to-run variation in floating-point results because non-associative reductions change order with atomics, kernel selection, parallel layout, batch composition, or hardware."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Batch invariance"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "batch-invariant kernels"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A kernel property that each request's output is bitwise independent of batch size and co-batched requests, one way to remove a source of run-to-run numerical variation in serving."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Checkpoint resharding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "universal checkpoint"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "distributed checkpoint"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Loading a checkpoint saved under one parallel layout or world size into another by remapping sharded tensors, needed for elastic restarts and training-to-serving handoff."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed batch data processing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MapReduce"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Spark-style dataflow"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Transforming bounded datasets with dataflow engines that partition records across workers, shuffle between stages, and re-execute failed tasks, for large-scale preprocessing and feature generation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed tracing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "request tracing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "spans"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recording request-scoped, causally linked spans across services so that one request's latency and failures can be attributed to the components it traversed."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model and agent call tracing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LLM observability"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GenAI tracing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Tracing model calls, retrievals, and tool invocations as spans annotated with prompts, token counts, latency, and cost, so quality and spend are attributable per step."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Evaluation harness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "eval harness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "hidden tests"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "grader isolation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A system running versioned benchmark suites against model checkpoints with fixed prompts, decoding settings, and scorers, sharding and caching work so results stay reproducible and comparable."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Energy measurement methodology"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "power measurement"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The declared sensor sources, sampling rate, measurement boundary, and attribution rules by which a workload's energy is measured, from on-chip counters to facility meters."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Idle vs. dynamic power"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "static vs. dynamic power"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Separating power drawn by provisioned but idle hardware from the incremental power of active work, which decides how shared energy is attributed to workloads."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Homomorphic-encryption inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "HE inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "encrypted inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Evaluating a model on encrypted inputs with homomorphic encryption so the server never sees plaintext, at large compute overhead and with polynomial approximations of nonlinearities."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Secure multi-party computation inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "secure two-party inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SMPC inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "2PC inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Jointly evaluating a model over secret-shared inputs or weights so no party learns another's data, with cost dominated by communication rounds for nonlinear layers."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Red teaming"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AI red teaming"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "automated red teaming"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Structured adversarial probing of a model or system, by people or automated attacker models, to elicit harmful, insecure, or policy-violating behavior before and after release."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dangerous-capability evaluation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "frontier capability evaluation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "extreme-risk evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Evaluating whether a model has capabilities, such as cyberoffense, biological uplift, or autonomous replication, that cross thresholds requiring added safeguards."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compute-in-memory"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "in-memory computing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "processing-in-memory"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PIM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "analog in-memory computing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Performing matrix-vector operations inside or beside memory arrays, often in the analog domain, so weights need not move to separate compute units."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Emerging non-volatile memory"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ReRAM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "phase-change memory"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MRAM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "resistive memory"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Resistive, phase-change, and magnetic memory devices that retain state without power and can store weights densely or act as analog compute elements."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embedded ML DSL"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "host-embedded DSL"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "staged array language"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A domain-specific language hosted inside a general language such as Python, whose operations build a program representation that a separate compiler or runtime executes."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Differentiable programming"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "differentiable programming language"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Writing general programs, including control flow, recursion, and data structures, that the language or framework differentiates end to end by automatic differentiation."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Persistent kernel"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "megakernel"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "mega-kernel"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "persistent megakernel"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A long-running kernel that stays resident on the device and executes many operators, or a whole forward pass, from an in-kernel work queue."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tensor graph superoptimization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "graph substitution"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TASO-style superoptimization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Automatically generating and verifying semantics-preserving rewrites of tensor computation graphs or kernels, then searching the rewritten space under a cost model."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Large-model training framework"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Megatron-LM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DeepSpeed"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "distributed training library"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A library that composes data, tensor, pipeline, and sharded-state parallelism with memory optimizations behind one training configuration for models exceeding one device."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud service models"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "IaaS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PaaS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SaaS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "managed ML service"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Divisions of responsibility between cloud provider and customer, from rented virtual infrastructure to managed platforms to hosted model APIs."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data warehouse and lakehouse"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data warehouse"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data lake"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "lakehouse"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Analytical stores of governed tables queried with SQL; a lakehouse adds transactional table formats over open files in object storage."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Synchronous training power swings"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "training power fluctuations"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "training load swings"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Rapid cluster-wide swings in power draw as synchronized accelerators alternate between compute and communication or stall together at checkpoints and failures."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "UPS and battery energy storage"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "UPS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "uninterruptible power supply"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "BESS"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Facility batteries that carry load through outages until generators start and can also buffer fast load swings or shave demand peaks."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Grid interconnection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "grid connection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "utility interconnection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The utility connection that fixes how much power a site can draw; its capacity and multi-year lead times increasingly decide where AI datacenters are built."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "On-site power generation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "behind-the-meter generation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "backup generators"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Generators, turbines, fuel cells, or renewables at the datacenter that provide backup power or supply load alongside or instead of the grid."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data cleaning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data cleansing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data repair"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Detecting and correcting erroneous, inconsistent, duplicated, or outlying records with rules, statistics, or learned repair models before the data is used for training."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Class imbalance"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "imbalanced data"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "imbalanced classes"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A skewed label distribution in which some classes are rare, so aggregate accuracy misleads and training favors the majority classes."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Class rebalancing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "oversampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "undersampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "class weighting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SMOTE"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Changing per-class sampling rates, synthesizing minority examples, or weighting the loss so rare classes contribute adequately to training."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature hashing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "hashing trick"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "hashed features"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Mapping high-cardinality or open-vocabulary categorical values into a fixed number of buckets with a hash function, bounding table size at the cost of collisions."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature cross"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "crossed features"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "feature conjunction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A synthetic feature formed from the conjunction of two or more categorical features so a model, especially a linear one, can learn their interaction."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data governance"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data stewardship"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Policies, roles, and controls that decide who may collect, access, use, and share which data, for which purposes, and under what accountability."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Consent and purpose limitation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "purpose limitation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data-use consent"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Restricting collection and use of personal data to purposes the data subject agreed to or a legal basis allows, recorded so downstream uses can be checked."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Exploratory data analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EDA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data profiling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Summarizing and plotting distributions, correlations, and anomalies in a dataset before modeling to inform cleaning, feature design, and validation rules."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model and prediction visualization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "training dashboards"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "embedding projection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "confusion-matrix plots"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Plotting training curves, activations, embeddings, and prediction errors such as confusion matrices to inspect what a model learned and where it fails."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model selection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model development"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing among candidate model families, architectures, and hyperparameters by validated performance under the system's accuracy, cost, and latency constraints."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pretraining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "base-model pretraining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "pretraining run"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training a model from scratch on a large, broad corpus with a self-supervised objective to produce a general base model for later adaptation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Causal language modeling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "next-token prediction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "autoregressive language modeling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Training a model to predict each token from the tokens before it, maximizing the likelihood of text under a left-to-right factorization."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Generative adversarial network"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GAN"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A generator and a discriminator trained against each other, so the generator learns to produce samples the discriminator cannot tell apart from data."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mode collapse"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A generative-training failure in which the model covers only a few modes of the data distribution and produces low-diversity samples."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Perplexity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "The exponentiated average negative log-likelihood per token of held-out text, measuring how well a language model predicts that text."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reference-match scoring"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "exact match"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "token-overlap F1"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "BLEU"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ROUGE"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Scoring a generated output by exact or token-overlap agreement with reference answers; cheap and reproducible but blind to valid answers phrased differently."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Error analysis"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Inspecting a model's mistakes, grouping them into categories, and ranking categories by frequency and fixability to decide the next data or model change."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training diagnostics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "overfit-one-batch test"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "learning-curve diagnosis"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Checks such as overfitting a tiny batch, reading learning curves, and tracking gradient and activation statistics that localize bugs in training code, data, and configuration."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Request correlation keys"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "keyed predictions"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "pass-through keys"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Passing a client-supplied key through inference unchanged so outputs of batch or asynchronous requests can be matched to their inputs regardless of order."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Stateless model serving"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stateless serving function"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Exporting a model as a stateless function from request inputs to prediction, so any replica can serve any request and replicas scale horizontally."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Semantic cache"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "semantic caching"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Returning a stored model response when a new request is close in embedding space to an earlier one, trading answer fidelity for latency and cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model cascade"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Sending a request to cheaper models first and escalating to more capable models only when a confidence or quality criterion is not met."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Glue code"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Supporting code written to move data into and out of general-purpose ML packages, often far larger than the model code and binding the system to package specifics."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pipeline jungle"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Data preparation grown incrementally into a tangle of scrapes, joins, and intermediate outputs that is hard to test, trace, and change."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Build-versus-buy decision"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "build vs. buy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MLOps tool selection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing whether to build an ML platform component in house, adopt open source, or buy a managed service, weighing fit, cost, lock-in, and team capacity."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "User feedback collection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "explicit feedback"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "implicit feedback"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Capturing explicit signals such as ratings and corrections and implicit signals such as clicks, edits, and abandonment, for use as labels or quality signals."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Human-AI interaction design"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "human-centered AI"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "human-AI guidelines"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Designing how a system conveys its capabilities, uncertainty, and errors to users and lets them correct, override, or dismiss its outputs."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Datacenter demand response"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "flexible datacenter load"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "grid-interactive datacenter"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Shifting, shedding, or capping datacenter power in response to grid signals, made practical by deferrable training and batch work."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prompt engineering"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prompt design"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Designing instructions, examples, and input layout for a model call to elicit desired behavior without changing the model's weights."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Loss masking and token normalization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prompt masking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "assistant-only loss"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Excluding prompt, tool-output, and other non-target tokens from the training loss, and choosing how remaining token losses are averaged across turns and sequences."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Serverless inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "scale-to-zero"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "function-as-a-service inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running models on a managed platform that provisions replicas on demand, bills per use, and can scale to zero, exposing requests to cold-start latency."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Streaming speech recognition"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "streaming ASR"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "on-device speech recognition"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Serving speech recognition incrementally: consuming audio in chunks and emitting partial transcripts within a fixed lag, with encoder state carried between chunks."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Non-prefix KV reuse"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "position-independent KV caching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV cache blending"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reusing precomputed KV entries for text chunks appearing at arbitrary positions across requests, selectively recomputing cross-chunk attention instead of the full prefill."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dynamic sparse attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "content-adaptive sparse attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "input-dependent sparse attention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Attention that computes only the query-key blocks predicted important for each input at runtime, rather than a fixed pattern, to cut long-context cost."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Token streaming"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "incremental response delivery"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "server-sent events"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Delivering generated output to the client incrementally as tokens are produced, holding per-stream state and stopping generation when the client cancels or disconnects."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Heterogeneous-accelerator training and serving"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "heterogeneous GPU clusters"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "mixed-generation GPU training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Partitioning one training or serving job across accelerators of different types or generations, sizing stages and batch shares to each device's compute, memory, and links."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graph neural network"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GNN"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "message-passing neural network"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Neural network that computes node, edge, or graph representations by repeatedly aggregating features from each node's neighbors along graph edges."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Input prefetching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data prefetching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prefetch buffer"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Preparing upcoming batches in background workers and buffers while the accelerator processes the current batch, overlapping input delivery with computation."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dynamic re-parallelization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "parameter reallocation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "runtime resharding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Redistributing model weights among devices at runtime so successive phases, such as generation and training or prefill and decode, each run under a better parallel layout."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Contextual activation sparsity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dynamic activation sparsity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "contextual sparsity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Skipping neurons, heads, or channels whose activations are predicted negligible for the current input, reducing per-token compute and weight reads at inference."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Denoising-step reduction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "few-step sampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "step distillation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Lowering network evaluations per diffusion sample with faster samplers, step distillation, or consistency models, trading sample quality against latency and cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ML-aware cluster scheduling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "deep-learning cluster scheduling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "goodput-aware scheduling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Allocating cluster accelerators using ML job properties, such as scaling curves, iteration time, and parallelism choice, to optimize objectives like job completion time or goodput."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Adaptive routing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "flowlet switching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "packet spraying"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ECMP collision avoidance"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing network paths per packet or flowlet from current congestion, avoiding the hash collisions static ECMP suffers with few large, synchronized training flows."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Incast congestion"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "incast"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "many-to-one congestion"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Congestion that occurs when many senders transmit to one receiver at once, overflowing its switch port buffer and causing queueing, drops, or pause propagation."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Context selection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "context budget allocation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tool selection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "working-set selection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing which instructions, tool descriptions, retrieved items, state, and observations enter a model's limited context at each step, within a token budget."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Context staleness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stale observations"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "context invalidation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Observations held in an agent's context or memory that no longer reflect the environment after later actions or external changes, yet still steer decisions unless invalidated."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Iterative multi-hop retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agentic retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-hop RAG"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Retrieval that issues successive queries, each formulated from previously retrieved evidence or reasoning steps, to answer questions no single lookup resolves."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Capability-based authorization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "capability tokens"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "object capabilities"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "attenuated credentials"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Authorization in which holding an unforgeable, scoped reference grants a specific right that can be delegated with attenuated scope and later revoked."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ephemeral sandbox"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "copy-on-write workspace"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "disposable execution environment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "microVM sandbox"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An isolated execution environment created per task from a snapshot, often copy-on-write, and destroyed or reset afterward so no state carries across tasks or tenants."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network egress control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "egress filtering"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "outbound allowlist"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Restricting which external network destinations a workload or sandbox may contact, typically through default-deny allowlists, to block exfiltration and unintended remote actions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information-flow control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "taint tracking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data-flow labels"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Labeling data with confidentiality and integrity tags and propagating them through computation so policy can block untrusted inputs from steering privileged actions or secrets from leaking."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compounding error in sequential decisions"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "covariate shift in imitation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "exposure bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "horizon error compounding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Per-step errors of a learned sequential policy or generator push later inputs away from the training distribution, so failure probability grows with horizon length."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Interactive imitation learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DAgger"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dataset aggregation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "recovery demonstrations"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Imitation learning that queries an expert for corrective labels on states the learner's own policy visits and aggregates them into training data over rounds."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "In-context learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "few-shot prompting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "zero-shot prompting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A pretrained model performing a task from instructions or examples supplied in its input at inference time, with no weight updates."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reward hacking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "specification gaming"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reward overoptimization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.1-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Improving a measured reward through behavior that fails the intended task objective."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Actuator limits"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "torque saturation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "thermal duty limits"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Bounds on the force, torque, speed, and sustained duty an actuator can deliver, set by drive current limits, gearing, and motor heating."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Watchdog timer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "heartbeat timeout"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "windowed watchdog"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "authority-expiry timer"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A timer that a monitored component must refresh within a deadline or window; expiry triggers a defined safe response such as reset or revoking control authority."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Closed-loop policy evaluation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "closed-loop testing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "interactive policy evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Evaluating a policy by letting its own actions determine subsequent observations, in simulation or deployment, rather than scoring its predictions against logged data."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Event data recorder"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "black-box recorder"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "safety event log"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "authority record"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Tamper-evident onboard logging of inputs, decisions, control authority, and safety interventions around events, retained for incident reconstruction and assurance evidence."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Decision accountability record"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "decision ownership"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "accountability assignment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "approval record"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A record of who authorized each consequential decision, policy, or automated action and on what evidence, so responsibility can be assigned and reviewed later."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agent interruption and cancellation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "pause and cancel"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "operator interrupt"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent kill switch"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Operator controls that pause, redirect, cancel, or terminate a running agent at defined boundaries while settling in-flight tool calls into a known state."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agent loop detection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "semantic watchdog"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "livelock detection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "repetition detection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Monitoring an agent trajectory for repeated actions, cycling states, or absent progress, and halting or escalating when the agent appears stuck."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Task and motion planning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TAMP"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "affordance grounding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SayCan-style grounding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Planning that jointly searches discrete symbolic action sequences and continuous motions, accepting a task plan only when each step admits a feasible motion."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-object tracking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MOT"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data association"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "track management"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Maintaining identities and states of multiple moving objects over time by associating new detections with existing tracks and starting or ending tracks."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Safety change-impact analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "impact analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "safety-case maintenance"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Determining which hazards, safety-case claims, and evidence a change to a model, software, data, or operating domain invalidates, and what must be re-verified."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sparse tensor kernels"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SpMM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SDDMM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sparse convolution"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Kernels such as sparse-dense matrix multiply, sampled dense-dense multiply, and sparse convolution that compute over compressed nonzero structure, trading irregular access for skipped work."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Local SGD"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "periodic model averaging"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DiLoCo-style training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "low-communication training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Data-parallel training in which workers take several local optimizer steps between parameter synchronizations, cutting communication frequency for low-bandwidth or geo-distributed settings."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Expert replication and placement"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "expert load balancing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "redundant experts"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Assigning mixture-of-experts experts to devices, and replicating frequently routed ones, to balance per-device token load under skewed routing."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory-efficient optimizer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "low-rank optimizer state"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "8-bit optimizer"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Optimizers that shrink per-parameter state through factorization, low-rank projection, or low-precision storage, cutting the memory adaptive methods such as Adam otherwise require."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operator execution trace"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "execution graph trace"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Chakra trace"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A recorded graph of a training or inference step's compute and communication operators with their dependencies and timings, replayable for simulation and benchmarking."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Offline reinforcement learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "batch reinforcement learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "offline RL"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Learning a policy from a fixed dataset of previously logged interactions without further environment access, limited by how well the data covers states the policy would visit."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Byzantine-robust aggregation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "robust gradient aggregation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Krum"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Combining worker or client updates with robust statistics, such as medians, trimmed means, or Krum, so a bounded fraction of arbitrary malicious updates cannot steer training."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cluster manager"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cluster orchestrator"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cluster control plane"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Kubernetes"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The control plane that admits jobs, places their tasks on machines, enforces quotas and priorities, and reconciles running state toward declared intent across a cluster."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rebound effect"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Jevons paradox"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Efficiency gains lower the cost of a service enough that total demand, and with it total energy or resource use, grows, partly or fully offsetting the savings."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data cascade"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "compounding data defects"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Compounding downstream harm from upstream data problems, such as poor collection or labeling, that surface late, often after deployment, and are costly to trace."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data valuation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Data Shapley"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data attribution"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Estimating each training example's or data source's contribution to model quality, for example through influence or Shapley-style attribution, to guide selection, pricing, or removal."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Diffusion or flow-matching policy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "flow-matching policy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "diffusion policy"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Robot policies that generate continuous actions through iterative denoising or learned-flow integration, representing multiple action modes while spending an inference-iteration budget."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sensor spoofing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "transduction attack"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "physical sensor attack"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LiDAR spoofing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Attacks that inject false signals into a sensor's physical channel, such as fabricated LiDAR returns or GPS and acoustic spoofing, so perception receives counterfeit measurements."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Paired comparison and noninferiority testing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "paired difference test"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "noninferiority test"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Comparing two systems on the same items or units and testing per-item differences, including whether a candidate is no worse than a baseline by a preset margin."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "CPU execution architecture"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "general-purpose CPU"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "host CPU"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CPU vector units"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Organization of general-purpose processor cores, SIMD vector units, and multilevel caches that runs host code, preprocessing, classical models, and CPU inference."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "CPU threading and NUMA placement"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "thread affinity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "intra-op and inter-op threads"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "NUMA-aware execution"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Configuring thread pools, core affinity, and memory placement across NUMA domains so CPU operators parallelize without oversubscription or remote-memory penalties."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dynamic shapes and shape specialization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "symbolic shapes"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shape bucketing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shape recompilation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Handling inputs whose tensor dimensions vary across calls by specializing compiled code per shape, padding into buckets, or compiling with symbolic dimensions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rule-based graph rewriting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "constant folding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "algebraic simplification"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "operator substitution"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "graph optimization passes"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "graph rewriting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Applying hand-written semantics-preserving transformations to a computation graph, such as constant folding, dead-code elimination, operator substitution, and algebraic simplification."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sparse and ragged tensor representation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ragged tensor"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "nested tensor"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "jagged tensor"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CSR format"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Storing tensors with mostly zero entries or variable-length dimensions in compressed formats such as COO, CSR, or offset-indexed ragged layouts instead of padded dense arrays."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Execution providers and operator fallback"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "execution provider"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "backend delegation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "operator fallback"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Partitioning a model graph across runtime backends by operator support, running supported subgraphs on accelerators and falling back to a CPU backend otherwise."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Large language model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LLM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LLM workload"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A language model large enough that parameter memory, attention state that grows with context, and, when serving, token-by-token decoding dominate its resource demands."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inference compute and memory estimate"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "2N FLOPs per token"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV-cache sizing"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Approximating dense transformer inference as about two FLOPs per parameter per token, plus KV-cache bytes from layers, KV heads, head dimension, context length, batch, and precision."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Synchronous vs. asynchronous training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "synchronous SGD"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "asynchronous SGD"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "async SGD"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing whether workers apply an update only after every gradient for a step is combined, or apply updates independently on possibly stale parameters."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Neighbor sampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "graph sampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "mini-batch graph sampling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Building GNN mini-batches from sampled subsets of each node's multi-hop neighborhood, bounding the exponential neighbor growth that makes full-neighborhood computation exceed memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Event-time windowing and watermarks"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stream watermarks"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "late data handling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "windowed aggregation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Grouping stream events into windows by when they occurred, using watermarks to estimate completeness and explicit policies for events arriving after a window closes."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cross-step feature caching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "diffusion caching"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reusing intermediate activations that change little between adjacent denoising steps instead of recomputing them, cutting per-step cost at bounded quality loss."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Voice interaction pipeline"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "voice agent"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ASR-LLM-TTS cascade"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Serving a spoken interaction as one latency-budgeted pipeline of streaming speech recognition, a language model, and speech synthesis, with turn detection and interruption handling between stages."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "LLM request scheduling and preemption"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "request preemption"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "iteration-level scheduling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Ordering, prioritizing, and preempting in-flight generation requests at iteration granularity, swapping or recomputing their KV state, to meet latency targets and fairness goals."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Containerization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "containers"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Docker"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Packaging a model, its code, and its dependencies as an immutable image that runs unchanged across machines, leaving the scheduling of those containers across a cluster to the cluster manager."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed job hang diagnosis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "collective timeout"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "NCCL watchdog"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "node health checks"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Detecting and localizing stalled distributed jobs through collective timeouts, heartbeats, per-rank progress traces, and node health checks, so faulty ranks can be isolated."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Benchmark representativeness"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "microbenchmark vs. end-to-end benchmark"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "benchmark realism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The degree to which a benchmark's workload, scale, and measurement boundary predict production behavior, from isolated microbenchmarks to end-to-end application runs."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data and model licensing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dataset license"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model license"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "open-weight license"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Legal terms governing how datasets and model weights may be used, modified, redistributed, or deployed, which constrain acquisition, fine-tuning, and release decisions."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Content provenance"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "C2PA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "content credentials"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Cryptographically signed metadata attached to media that records its origin and edit history, including model generation, so recipients can verify source claims."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fleet data engine"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data engine"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "triggered data collection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "edge-case mining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data flywheel"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Collecting training data from deployed devices through on-device triggers that flag rare or uncertain events, uploading selected samples under bandwidth budgets for labeling and retraining."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Robotics middleware and dataflow"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ROS 2"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "publish-subscribe middleware"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DDS"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Software connecting sensing, perception, planning, and control processes as nodes that exchange typed messages over publish-subscribe topics with configurable delivery and timing policies."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Parallel physics simulation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GPU-parallel simulation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "simulated environments"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "vectorized environments"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running many simulated robot environments concurrently, often batched on accelerators, so policy learning and data generation gather experience faster than physical collection."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agent credentials and delegated authority"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent identity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "delegated tokens"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "secret brokering"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Issuing tool-using agents scoped, short-lived credentials that act on a user's behalf, brokering secrets outside model context so authority stays bounded and revocable."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graph partitioning for GNN training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "graph partitioning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "METIS partitioning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "distributed GNN training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Splitting a large graph across workers to balance computation while minimizing cut edges, whose cross-partition neighbor features must be fetched remotely."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Host-side data loading"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data loader"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DataLoader workers"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "pinned memory"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reading, decoding, augmenting, and collating examples on host CPU worker processes and staging batches in pinned memory so that a single machine's accelerators are not left waiting for input."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Streaming inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "incremental inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "online streaming inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Serving a model over an open stream of input, producing outputs incrementally from partial input while carrying state between chunks, rather than answering one complete request at a time."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inference API and payload serialization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prediction API"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "gRPC inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tensor serialization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The request and response protocol of a model server, including the transport (HTTP, gRPC, streaming connections), the tensor and payload encoding, and the cost of serializing inputs and outputs."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Request throughput"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "queries per second"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "QPS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tokens per second"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The number of requests, or tokens, a serving system completes per unit time at a stated load and latency target."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Latency percentiles"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "p50"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "p99"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "percentile latency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Summarizing a latency distribution by percentiles such as p50, p95, and p99, so that a service is judged by the experience of most requests and of the slow tail rather than by the mean."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cache-aware request routing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prefix-affinity routing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV-aware routing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "session affinity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Sending each request to the replica that already holds a reusable prefix or KV cache for it, trading load balance against cache reuse."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed job launch and process groups"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "rendezvous"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ranks"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "communicator initialization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "torchrun"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Starting the processes of a distributed job, having them discover each other through a rendezvous, assigning ranks, and forming the process groups and communicators that collectives run over."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agentic workload"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent workload"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-turn inference load"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The load an agent places on the serving stack, including context that grows each turn, idle gaps while tools run, many short dependent model calls, and reuse of KV state across steps."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Performance regression testing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "continuous benchmarking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "perf regression gate"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Benchmarking every change to code, kernels, models, or configuration continuously and failing the change when throughput, latency, or memory degrades beyond a set tolerance."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Performance measurement variability"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "benchmark noise"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "warm-up effects"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "timing variance"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Run-to-run variation in measured time and throughput from warm-up, asynchronous execution, clock and thermal state, and contention, handled by synchronizing, repeating runs, and reporting spread."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training data extraction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "memorization attack"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "training data regurgitation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recovering particular training examples or their sensitive contents through a trained model's outputs, exposing information that was not intended for release."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Gradient clipping"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "gradient norm clipping"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Rescaling or truncating gradients whose norm exceeds a threshold so that a single large update cannot destabilize training."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Weight initialization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Xavier initialization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "He initialization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing the scale and distribution of initial parameters so that activations and gradients keep stable variance through depth at the start of training."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Processing delivery semantics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "exactly-once processing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "at-least-once delivery"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "duplicate events"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The guarantee a data pipeline gives about how often each record takes effect (at most once, at least once, or effectively once) under retries, replays, and failures, and the idempotent or transactional sinks that achieve it."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Online and offline feature consistency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "feature materialization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "online store consistency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Keeping the feature values materialized in the low-latency online store consistent with the offline values used for training, as features are recomputed, backfilled, and updated."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Out-of-distribution detection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "OOD detection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "novelty detection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Flagging individual inputs that differ from the training distribution so the system can abstain, defer, or fall back instead of trusting the prediction."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model and feature compatibility"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "interface compatibility"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tokenizer compatibility"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Ensuring that a model version, its tokenizer and feature transformations, the schemas it reads, and the consumers of its outputs remain compatible as each is versioned and released independently."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Workload identity and secrets management"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "secrets management"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "workload identity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "credential rotation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Giving training jobs, model servers, and pipelines verifiable identities and provisioning, rotating, and revoking the keys and credentials they use, without embedding secrets in code or images."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data deletion propagation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "right to erasure"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "deletion requests"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Carrying a deletion request through every copy and derivative of the data, including datasets, features, caches, replicas, backups, and models trained on it."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Runtime memory fragmentation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "allocator fragmentation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reserved versus allocated memory"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Free device memory split into blocks too small to satisfy new allocations, so a job runs out of memory while reserved memory exceeds what live tensors use."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Perception latency budget"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sense-to-act latency budget"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The share of a robot's sense-to-act deadline allotted to sensing and perception, which bounds model size, input resolution, and frame rate on the onboard computer."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Onboard compute partitioning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "onboard workload placement"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "robot compute offloading"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Assigning perception, planning, and control workloads to the CPUs, accelerators, and microcontrollers of a robot, or offloading them, so each meets its deadline and criticality level."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Health checks and readiness probes"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "readiness probe"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "liveness probe"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "health endpoint"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Periodic liveness and readiness checks that let an orchestrator or load balancer stop routing traffic to, or restart, a replica that is unhealthy or still loading its model."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Python GIL and host-language concurrency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GIL"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "global interpreter lock"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "In GIL-enabled CPython, the global interpreter lock serializes Python bytecode across threads, so ML host code achieves concurrency through native kernels that release the lock, multiple processes, or asynchronous I/O."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Flash write endurance"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "flash wear-out"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "wear leveling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "program/erase cycles"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Flash memory cells wear out after a limited number of program and erase cycles, which bounds how often embedded and edge devices can write logs, checkpoints, or model updates; wear leveling spreads writes to extend life."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Energy-harvesting intermittent computing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "energy harvesting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "batteryless inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "intermittent inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running inference on devices powered by harvested energy that lose power unpredictably, which requires checkpointing progress to nonvolatile memory so computation resumes rather than restarts."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory-mapped model weights"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "mmap weights"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shared weight mapping"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "zero-copy model loading"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Mapping a weight file into virtual memory so pages load on demand and read-only weights are shared across processes, cutting load time and duplicate memory at the cost of page faults."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "OS memory pressure and paging"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "page thrashing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "low-memory killer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "memory reclamation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "How an operating system reclaims memory from a model process under pressure, by evicting file-backed pages, swapping or compressing memory, or killing the app, which shows up as page thrashing, latency spikes, or abrupt termination."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Managed-runtime interop and garbage collection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "JNI overhead"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GC pauses"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "native interop"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Crossing between a managed language runtime (Java, Kotlin, Swift, C#) and native inference code, where buffer copies, object pinning, and garbage-collection pauses add latency and memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Zero-copy sensor input via DMA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DMA input buffers"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "zero-copy capture"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Having sensors or peripherals write input directly into model input buffers by direct memory access, avoiding CPU copies between capture and inference."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Active sensor interference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sensor crosstalk"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "lidar interference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Crosstalk between active sensors, such as lidars, radars, or structured-light cameras, that emit into the same environment and corrupt each other's measurements."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network propagation delay"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "speed-of-light latency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The minimum latency set by the distance a signal travels through the medium, which sets a floor under round-trip time between regions regardless of bandwidth."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Consistency-availability trade-off"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CAP theorem"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "partition tolerance"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Under a network partition, a replicated system must choose between answering with possibly stale state and refusing requests until replicas agree."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Decentralized gossip averaging"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "gossip SGD"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "decentralized SGD"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training in which each worker averages its model with a few neighbors instead of a central server or global all-reduce, so updates diffuse through the communication graph."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Interrupt latency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ISR latency"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The delay from an interrupt request to the start of its handler, which contributes to event-response time alongside handler execution and subsequent processing."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Encoder-only, decoder-only, and encoder-decoder Transformers"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "encoder-only model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "decoder-only model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "encoder-decoder model"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "seq2seq Transformer"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:definition "The three arrangements of Transformer stacks, which differ in whether inputs are processed bidirectionally, outputs are generated autoregressively, or both, and therefore in how they are trained, cached, and served."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data transfer cost"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "egress cost"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "egress fees"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "network transfer cost"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The money charged for moving data across network, zone, region, or provider boundaries, such as cloud egress fees, which can dominate the cost of distributing data, checkpoints, or responses."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Duty cycling and sleep states"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "duty cycle"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sleep modes"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "active and sleep power states"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "low-power modes"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Keeping a device in a low-power sleep state most of the time and waking it briefly to sense and infer, so average power is set by the active fraction and the cost of each wake-up."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Priority inversion"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A high-priority task blocked on a resource held by a lower-priority task while a medium-priority task preempts the holder, so the high-priority task's blocking time is unbounded and can exceed its deadline unless the scheduler bounds it."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Certified robustness by randomized smoothing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "randomized smoothing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "certified defense"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Classifying many noise-perturbed copies of an input and taking the majority vote, which yields a provable radius within which no adversarial perturbation can change the prediction, at the cost of many inferences per input."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sensor interconnect bandwidth"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MIPI CSI-2"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "I2S"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SPI bandwidth"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "camera link bandwidth"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The data rate of the links that carry sensor data into an embedded processor (MIPI CSI-2 for cameras, I2S for audio, SPI and I2C for low-rate sensors), which bounds the resolution, frame rate, and number of sensors a device can ingest."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Finite buffers and overflow"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "buffer overflow"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "bounded queue"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "finite-capacity queue"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "backlog"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A queue with bounded capacity drops or blocks arrivals once full, so its size trades memory and added delay against the loss rate under bursty input."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Asynchronous on-device inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "background inference thread"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "off-main-thread inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running inference off the application's main thread, so a model call does not block rendering and input handling, with results delivered back by callback or message."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-head latent attention"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MLA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "latent KV attention"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Attention that caches one low-rank latent vector per token in place of per-head keys and values, reconstructing them or absorbing the up-projections into the query and output weights, which shrinks the KV cache and decode memory traffic."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "PII detection and de-identification"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PII scrubbing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data anonymization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "redaction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.2-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Finding personal identifiers in training corpora, logs, and prompts and removing, masking, or pseudonymizing them before the data is stored, trained on, or shared."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "System identification"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Estimating the parameters of a dynamics model, such as masses, friction, delays, and actuator gains, from measured input-output data of the physical system."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Off-policy evaluation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "OPE"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "counterfactual policy evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Estimating a proposed policy's expected outcomes from interactions collected under another policy, by propensity reweighting, outcome modeling, or doubly robust estimators, subject to assumptions about action coverage and confounding."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pipeline schedule"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GPipe schedule"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "1F1B"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "interleaved 1F1B"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "zero-bubble schedule"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The order in which pipeline stages run the forward and backward passes of microbatches (fill-drain, one-forward-one-backward, interleaved), which sets the bubble fraction and how many microbatches' activations each stage holds."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sequence packing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sample packing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "packed-sequence training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Combining variable-length training examples into packed token buffers with explicit example boundaries and attention semantics to reduce padding work without unintended cross-example attention."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Document chunking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "retrieval chunking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "passage segmentation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "semantic chunking"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Dividing source documents into retrievable units with chosen boundaries, overlap, and source identifiers so retrieval granularity fits embedding and generation budgets."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Resource-exhaustion attack"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sponge examples"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "denial of wallet"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model denial of service"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "unbounded consumption"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reasoning slowdown attack"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Crafting inputs that maximize a model service's compute, energy, output length, or tool calls, degrading service for other users or running up the operator's cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Generated-content watermarking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "output watermarking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "text watermarking"@en ; skos:altLabel "output watermarking"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Embedding a statistically detectable signal into generated text, images, or audio at generation time, such as by biasing token sampling, so that content can later be identified as model-generated."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model merging"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model soup"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "task arithmetic"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TIES-merging"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "weight merging"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Combining compatible model parameters or parameter updates, by averaging or arithmetic on weight differences, into one model that consolidates capabilities without further training or serving the sources separately."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Optical circuit switching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "OCS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reconfigurable optical fabric"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reconfiguring optical connections between endpoints to match communication demand, trading switching delay and topology coordination against delivered bandwidth and network power."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Co-packaged optics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CPO"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "co-packaged optical interconnect"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Placing optical transceivers inside the switch or accelerator package beside the silicon, so electrical paths shrink and energy per bit falls, at the cost of field serviceability and added package heat."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Advanced accelerator packaging"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "chiplet integration"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-die package"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "heterogeneous die integration"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "2.5D interposer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "die-to-die interconnect"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Integrating compute and memory dies through chiplets, interposers, or three-dimensional bonding to trade local bandwidth and manufacturing flexibility against power-delivery and heat-removal constraints."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Motion forecasting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "behavior prediction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "trajectory prediction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent motion prediction"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Predicting the future trajectories of other moving agents, usually as several weighted hypotheses, from their tracked history and the map, so a planner can avoid where they will be rather than where they are."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Representational bias evaluation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "generative bias evaluation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "social bias benchmark"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stereotype evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Measuring stereotyped, demeaning, or unequal portrayals of groups in generated outputs, revealing representational harms that aggregate quality or decision-rate metrics can miss."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Group relative policy optimization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GRPO"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A policy-gradient method that scores each sampled response against the mean reward of a group of responses to the same prompt, removing the learned critic at the cost of generating several rollouts per prompt."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inter-token latency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ITL"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The time between consecutive output tokens or chunks delivered to a streaming client, whose distribution, not only its mean, exposes decode stalls that an average time per output token hides."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hybrid retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "hybrid search"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "lexical-dense retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reciprocal rank fusion"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Combining lexical and dense retrieval results through score or rank fusion to recover complementary matches while managing additional search cost and ranking calibration."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "FPGA-based ML acceleration"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FPGA inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reconfigurable ML acceleration"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Mapping ML operations to reconfigurable logic, arithmetic blocks, and local memories so datapaths can match a workload at the cost of hardware compilation and resource constraints."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Device-initiated communication"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GPU-initiated communication"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "accelerator-initiated communication"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Communication in which kernels on the accelerator issue and synchronize inter-device transfers themselves, without a host call per exchange, allowing fine-grained fusion of compute and communication at the cost of explicit ordering and completion handling."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model collapse"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "recursive synthetic-data collapse"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Loss of coverage of the original data distribution across generations trained on model-generated data, making provenance and real-versus-synthetic mixture policies part of quality control."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Action tokenization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "robot action tokenization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "action-sequence tokenization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Encoding continuous robot actions or action sequences as discrete model tokens, making reconstruction error and token count determinants of policy fidelity and execution cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wafer-scale acceleration"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "wafer-scale accelerator"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "wafer-scale engine"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Executing ML on a compute-and-memory array spanning most of a semiconductor wafer, making spatial placement and communication between tiles central to performance."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embedding model migration"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "re-embedding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "vector index backfill"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "embedding version upgrade"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Changing the encoder behind a vector index while keeping queries and stored vectors comparable, by re-encoding the corpus, validated mappings, or backward-compatible training, with a controlled serving cutover."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Register pressure"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "register spilling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "register file pressure"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Demand for registers from simultaneously live kernel values, which can reduce resident threads or force values to spill into slower memory."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software pipelining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-stage pipelining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "kernel double buffering"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Scheduling independent operations from different loop iterations to overlap, such as loading the next tile while computing the current one, hiding latency at the cost of extra live state and buffering."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Error-correcting code memory"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ECC"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SECDED"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Memory protected by redundant check bits that correct supported error patterns and report detectable uncorrectable errors, reducing the risk of silent corruption."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Integer-only inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "integer-only quantization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "fixed-point inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dyadic rescaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Executing a quantized model with integer arithmetic throughout its operator graph, including accumulation and rescaling, so no floating-point operations are needed at inference time."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Execute-in-place weights"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "XIP"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "flash-resident weights"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reading immutable model weights from memory-mapped flash during inference without first copying them into SRAM, reducing working memory while exposing flash-access latency."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Confused deputy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "confused deputy attack"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tool privilege misuse"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A security failure in which a component uses its legitimate authority for an untrusted party's purpose because it does not distinguish the requester's authority from its own."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model-grader bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LLM-as-judge bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "position bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "verbosity bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "self-preference bias"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Systematic scoring errors in model-based graders, such as preferences for response position, length, or style, that distort comparisons independently of task quality."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Over-refusal"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "false refusal"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "exaggerated safety"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Refusing benign requests that resemble harmful ones, the false-positive side of a safety filter or refusal policy, which is traded against missed harmful requests when setting the operating point."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Coordinate frames and transforms"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TF tree"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "rigid-body transforms"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "frame transforms"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reference frames and the spatial transforms between them that express sensor observations, robot geometry, and actions in consistent coordinates."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sensor degradation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sensor occlusion"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "adverse-weather degradation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "perceptual degradation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Loss of sensor measurement fidelity under environmental or operating conditions, such as glare, rain, fog, dust, or a dirty lens, that degrades perception even when the sensing hardware has not failed."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data curriculum and annealing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "curriculum learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "data annealing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sequence-length warmup"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Changing the training data distribution over a run, such as raising the share of high-quality or long-sequence data during the final learning-rate decay, to improve final capability per unit of compute."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sharded streaming dataset format"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shard streaming"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "WebDataset-style shards"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Organizing training examples into sequentially readable shard files so workers can stream records from remote storage with few small-object reads and bounded local staging."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Collective algorithm selection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "collective protocol selection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ring versus tree crossover"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing, per call, among collective algorithms (ring, tree, switch-offloaded) and wire protocols by message size, participant count, and link hierarchy, to minimize latency for small messages and maximize bandwidth for large ones."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Always-on sensing cascade"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "wake-word cascade"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sensor-hub gating"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "event-triggered inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "trigger-based inference"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "motion-triggered inference"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Using a low-power sensing or inference stage to wake a more expensive stage only when needed, cutting continuous-monitoring energy at the risk of missed triggers and wake latency."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fault tree analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FTA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Top-down hazard analysis that decomposes an undesired top event into Boolean combinations of contributing faults, so minimal cut sets and their probabilities can be computed."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Metastable failure"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "metastability"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "self-sustaining overload"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A state in which a transient trigger, such as a load spike or slowdown, starts a self-sustaining loop of retries, cache misses, or timeouts that keeps a system overloaded after the trigger is gone."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fan-out tail amplification"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tail at scale"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The growth in a request's latency tail when it waits on many parallel subrequests, because the chance that at least one subrequest is slow rises with the fan-out."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Proxy discrimination"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "redundant encoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "proxy variables"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Decisions driven by features that encode protected-group membership, so group disparities persist even when the protected attribute itself is omitted."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cross-embodiment training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cross-embodiment pretraining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-robot data pooling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training one policy across datasets from several robot embodiments, aligning observations and action interfaces so learning is shared despite differences in sensors and control."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dual-rate hierarchical policy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "slow-fast policy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "high-level and low-level policy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "System 1 / System 2 control"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Splitting a robot policy into a slow high-level model that sets goals or latent commands and a fast low-level controller that tracks them at control rate, so large-model latency does not set the control loop's rate."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Robot kinematics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "forward kinematics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "inverse kinematics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "manipulator Jacobian"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The geometric mapping between joint positions and velocities and the pose and velocity of a robot's links and end effector, including inverse solutions and singular configurations where motion authority is lost."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Quantization granularity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "per-tensor quantization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "per-channel quantization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "group-wise quantization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The grouping of values that share quantization parameters, such as a scale and an optional zero point, from per tensor to per channel to small groups, trading approximation error against metadata and kernel cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agent training environment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent rollout environment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agentic RL environment"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A task system that supplies observations, accepts actions, and manages episode state for training tool-using policies, whose throughput and reset fidelity limit rollout collection."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model-directed control flow"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent autonomy level"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ReAct loop"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reason-act loop"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A control structure in which model outputs select the next step, tool call, or stopping decision within runtime-enforced limits, increasing flexibility while making cost and behavior harder to predict and test."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Misuse monitoring"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "abuse detection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "usage-policy enforcement"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "trust and safety monitoring"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Detecting policy-violating use of a deployed model across requests, sessions, and accounts, such as coordinated abuse or capability probing, and responding with throttling, review, or account action."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Masked diffusion decoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "masked diffusion language decoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "parallel masked-token decoding"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Generating text by repeatedly predicting and committing masked positions in parallel, trading refinement passes for token parallelism while weakening the attention-state reuse that autoregressive decoding relies on."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Residual connection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "additive skip connection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "skip connection"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A connection that adds a block's input, or a projection of it, to the block's output, so information and gradients can bypass the block and deep stacks stay trainable."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-task learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multitask learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shared-backbone multi-task model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Jointly learning several tasks through shared parameters, often a shared backbone with task-specific heads, so their training signals can help or interfere with one another."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Recovery time and point objectives"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RTO"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RPO"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "recovery time objective"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "recovery point objective"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "recovery time accounting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Stated limits on how long restoring service may take (RTO) and how far recovered state may lag the state before the failure (RPO), which constrain checkpointing, replication, and failover design."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Incremental checkpointing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "delta checkpoint"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Persisting only the state that changed since the preceding checkpoint, with periodic full checkpoints as bases, which cuts write volume when updates are sparse at the cost of reconstructing state from a chain on restore."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multiple comparisons correction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multiple hypothesis testing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multiplicity correction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Bonferroni correction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Benjamini-Hochberg procedure"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Adjusting significance thresholds when many hypotheses, metrics, or slices are tested together, so the chance of a false declared effect, by family-wise error or false discovery rate, stays controlled."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model-assisted labeling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "pre-labeling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model-in-the-loop annotation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Using a model's predictions as draft labels that annotators accept or correct, which raises labeling throughput but can anchor annotators to the model's errors."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Forward error correction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FEC"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "link-layer FEC"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Adding redundant bits to transmitted data so the receiver corrects supported error patterns without retransmission, at the cost of coding overhead and decoding delay."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Erasure coding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Reed-Solomon coding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "erasure-coded storage"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Encoding stored data into data and parity fragments so it can be reconstructed after a bounded number of fragment losses, trading storage overhead against encoding and recovery work."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bandwidth-delay product"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "BDP"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A path's bottleneck bandwidth times its round-trip time, the amount of outstanding data a window-controlled flow must sustain to keep the path full."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Backfill scheduling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "backfilling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EASY backfilling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running lower-priority jobs in idle resource-time gaps without delaying the reserved start of a higher-priority job, which raises cluster utilization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network traffic classes and QoS"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "quality of service"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "traffic class isolation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Classifying traffic on a shared network into separately scheduled queues with configured priorities or bandwidth shares, limiting interference between collective, storage, and control traffic."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telemetry sampling and cardinality control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "trace sampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "tail-based sampling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "metric cardinality management"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing which traces, events, and metric label combinations to keep, by sampling and by bounding or aggregating label values, so fleet telemetry stays affordable at the risk of losing rare failures and fine-grained detail."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "DMA cache maintenance"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cache clean and invalidate for DMA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DMA buffer synchronization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Cleaning and invalidating processor caches around DMA transfers on hardware without coherent DMA, with buffers aligned to cache lines, so a device and the CPU do not read stale copies of a shared buffer; each maintenance step adds latency."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Expert offloading"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MoE expert offloading"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "expert-weight offloading"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Keeping some mixture-of-experts weights in host memory or storage and fetching the experts a batch needs into accelerator memory, often prefetching predicted ones, which lets a model larger than accelerator memory run at the cost of transfers."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Variable-length parallelism planning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dynamic context parallelism"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "workload-balanced sequence parallelism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Choosing, for each training step, sequence or context parallel degrees and how packed documents are sharded across ranks from that step's sequence lengths and attention patterns, so ranks receive balanced attention work."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fine-grained accelerator sharing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sub-kernel GPU sharing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "kernel-slice preemption"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Scheduling co-located workloads on one accelerator in small units of a kernel, so latency-sensitive work can preempt background work quickly and interference stays bounded."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Intra-device overlap of bottlenecks"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "nano-batching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "intra-device operation overlap"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Scheduling generative-inference operations with complementary compute, memory, or communication demands concurrently on one accelerator, using small batches or fused kernels so several hardware resources stay busy together."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graph pipeline parallelism"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "branch-parallel pipelining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-branch pipeline scheduling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Pipeline parallelism that partitions a model whose layers form a branching graph into stages that follow the graph, so independent branches, such as separate modality encoders, run concurrently in parallel stages instead of being serialized into one chain."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "RAG pipeline scheduling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "retrieval-generation co-scheduling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Coordinating the retrieval and generation work of retrieval-augmented requests across requests and processors, overlapping and batching work across the stage boundary and optionally adapting retrieval settings per query, to meet latency and answer-quality targets."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cross-stack profiling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "framework-to-kernel attribution"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "host-device trace correlation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Profiling that correlates timestamped events and calling contexts from model code, frameworks, native libraries, and accelerator kernels, so that device time and stalls can be attributed to the operations that launched them."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model swapping and residency"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "weight swapping"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model residency management"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Keeping some models' weights resident in accelerator memory and loading others from host memory or storage on demand, so a shared accelerator serves more models than fit at once, at the cost of transfer latency."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "KV-cache memory allocation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV allocator"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "KV-cache memory layout"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.3-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Laying out and allocating accelerator memory for cached attention state, which trades fragmentation and sharing against kernel compatibility and allocation cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feed-forward block"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "FFN"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MLP block"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "position-wise feed-forward network"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "feed-forward sublayer"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The per-position subnetwork of learned projections and a nonlinearity paired with attention in each Transformer block, which in most architectures holds the largest share of a dense model's parameters, executes as large matrix multiplications, and is the sublayer that mixture-of-experts routing replaces."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Service-level agreement"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SLA"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A contract binding a provider to stated service targets, with declared consequences such as credits or penalties when they are missed, whose targets are usually set looser than the internal objectives that trigger engineering response."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Head-of-line blocking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "HOL blocking"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Delay imposed on short or ready work because a queue serves in arrival order and a long or stalled item ahead holds the service point, so an item's wait depends on what is in front of it rather than on its own cost."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Open-loop vs. closed-loop load"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "open-loop load generator"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "closed-loop load generator"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "open versus closed system model"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A distinction between arrivals scheduled independently of responses and arrivals triggered by prior completions, which changes offered-load feedback and the queueing behavior a load test exposes."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "All-reduce"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AllReduce"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A collective in which every participant ends with the same reduction, usually the sum, of all participants' equal-shaped tensors, the operation that synchronizes gradients across replicas in data-parallel training."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reduce-scatter and all-gather"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ReduceScatter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AllGather"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reduce-scatter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "all-gather"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "The complementary collectives in which each participant receives one reduced shard of the group's tensors (reduce-scatter) or the concatenation of every participant's shard (all-gather), the pair that moves sharded parameters and gradients in fully sharded training and composes into a bandwidth-optimal all-reduce."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Torus topology"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "torus"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "2D torus"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "3D torus"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "A fabric in which accelerator nodes form a multidimensional grid with wraparound links to fixed neighbors rather than tiers of switches, so neighbor and ring traffic can run at link rate while global exchanges are routed hop by hop with lower bisection bandwidth that depends on dimensions, routing, and contention."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network oversubscription"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "oversubscription ratio"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "downlink-to-uplink ratio"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "switch-tier oversubscription"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Provisioning less uplink capacity at a switch tier than the downlink capacity it serves, written as a downlink-to-uplink ratio, which cuts fabric cost but makes cross-tier bandwidth contend when many endpoints communicate at once, as synchronized collectives do."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Host memory tier"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "host DRAM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "system memory"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "DDR memory"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CPU memory"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Memory directly managed by the host processor and used for input staging or offloaded model state, whose capacity and accelerator access costs depend on the platform's memory and interconnect design."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Algorithm-schedule separation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "scheduling language"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "schedule primitives"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "compute-schedule split"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Halide-style scheduling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A compiler design in which what an operator computes is written once and how it runs, meaning loop order, tiling, vectorization, unrolling, memory placement, and parallel mapping, is a separate composable schedule, so the same algorithm can be retargeted and tuned without changing its semantics."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Kernel synchronization and atomics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "thread-block barrier"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "__syncthreads"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "atomic operations"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "atomic reduction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "warp synchronization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The barriers, memory fences, and atomic read-modify-write operations through which threads of a kernel coordinate access to shared data, where barrier stalls and contended atomics serialize work that the thread hierarchy otherwise runs in parallel."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Link reach limit (copper versus optics)"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "copper reach"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "electrical reach"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "optical reach"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SerDes reach"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The maximum distance over which a link meets its signal-quality requirements for a specified medium and signaling scheme, constraining cabling, retiming, and the geometry of connected accelerator domains."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sequential versus random storage access"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "storage access pattern"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sequential storage access"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "random storage access"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Whether a workload reads storage in large contiguous ranges or in many small scattered requests, which decides whether sequential throughput or per-request latency and IOPS bound it, and so which media, layout, and shard sizes suit it."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dataset shuffling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shuffle buffer"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "global shuffle"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "epoch shuffle"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "shard shuffle"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Randomizing the order in which training examples are visited, by a full permutation or an approximate buffered shuffle over sharded files, trading the randomness that stochastic optimization assumes against the sequential reads that storage delivers cheaply."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Overfitting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "overfit"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Fitting training-specific variation that does not persist in new data, causing training performance to overstate generalization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Predictive uncertainty estimation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "epistemic uncertainty"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "aleatoric uncertainty"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "deep ensembles"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Monte Carlo dropout"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "uncertainty quantification"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An estimate of uncertainty in an individual prediction, sometimes decomposed into data noise and model uncertainty, used to support abstention, deferral, or data acquisition."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Statistical power"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "power analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sample size calculation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sample size"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The probability that an experiment detects an effect of a stated size, fixed by sample size, outcome variance, and the significance level, which decides how much traffic or how many evaluation items a comparison needs before its answer can be trusted."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Retrieval quality metrics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "recall@k"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "precision@k"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "nDCG"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "mean reciprocal rank"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MRR"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "retrieval hit rate"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Measures of a retriever's ranked results against relevance judgments, such as recall at k, mean reciprocal rank, and normalized discounted cumulative gain, which show the retrieval depth and ranking quality a downstream reranker or generator can rely on."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rejection-sampling fine-tuning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "STaR"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ReST"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "filtered self-training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Generating candidate responses, filtering them with an acceptance criterion, and fine-tuning on accepted responses to turn a selection signal into supervised training data, with repeated filtering potentially reducing diversity."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Early stopping"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "validation-based stopping"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Ending training according to a held-out validation criterion and selecting a checkpoint under that criterion, limiting additional compute and potentially reducing overfitting."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Group distributionally robust optimization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "group DRO"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "worst-group loss minimization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Training to minimize the highest expected loss among predefined groups so that poor subgroup performance is not hidden by average loss."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Chat template"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "conversation formatting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "role markers"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prompt format"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "turn delimiters"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The fixed scheme of role markers and special tokens that serializes system instructions, user and assistant turns, and tool calls into one token sequence, which must match between fine-tuning and serving or the model misreads turn boundaries."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Stop conditions and output-length limits"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stop sequences"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "max new tokens"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "end-of-sequence handling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Rules that terminate autoregressive generation when a stopping criterion is met, including an end token, a stop sequence, or an output-token limit."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Runbook"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "playbook"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "on-call procedure"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "operational procedure"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A written or automated procedure attached to an alert that says how to confirm, mitigate, and escalate a known failure, so that response speed does not depend on who is on call."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Colocated versus disaggregated RL post-training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "actor-learner colocation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "hybrid RL engine"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "disaggregated rollout and training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Whether rollout generation and policy updates share the same accelerators, alternating phases and re-sharding weights in place, or run on separate pools that exchange weights and samples, trading idle time within each phase against transfer cost and policy staleness."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sequential revision"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "self-refine"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "self-correction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reflection"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "iterative refinement"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Refining an answer through successive model calls conditioned on earlier drafts and internal or external feedback, spending additional inference compute on dependent revisions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Semi-supervised learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "pseudo-labeling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "self-training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "consistency regularization"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Learning from a small labeled set together with a large unlabeled one, typically by training on confident model predictions for unlabeled examples or by enforcing consistent predictions under perturbation, which lowers labeling cost but can reinforce the model's own early mistakes."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Contrastive learning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "InfoNCE"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SimCLR-style training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CLIP-style training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "in-batch negatives"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A self-supervised or paired-data objective that pulls representations of matched views or pairs together and pushes mismatched ones apart, whose quality depends on how many negatives each step sees, which makes large batches and their memory a systems cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training memory estimate"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "bytes per parameter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "mixed-precision memory rule"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "activation memory estimate"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Approximating a training step's accelerator memory as a per-parameter cost for weights, gradients, and optimizer state in their chosen precisions, plus activation memory that grows with batch size, sequence length, and depth, to decide what fits before a run is launched."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Privacy budget and accounting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "privacy accountant"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "epsilon-delta budget"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "privacy loss composition"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "moments accountant"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "RDP accountant"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A declared bound on cumulative privacy loss across releases involving overlapping individuals, tracked through composition accounting to constrain further releases."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sources of bias in the pipeline"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "historical bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "representation bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "measurement bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "aggregation bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "evaluation bias"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "deployment bias"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The distinct points at which disparity enters an ML system, from the world the data records, who is sampled, how labels and features are measured, pooling heterogeneous groups into one model, an unrepresentative evaluation set, and use outside the intended context, each of which calls for a different remedy."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Location-based vs. market-based carbon accounting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "location-based Scope 2 accounting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "market-based Scope 2 accounting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Accounting for purchased-electricity emissions using grid-average emission factors or qualifying contractual instruments, which changes the emissions attributed to the same electricity consumption."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Timeouts and deadline propagation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "request deadline"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "deadline propagation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "timeout budget"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A caller's time limit propagated to dependencies so they can stop work after the remaining budget expires, bounding caller wait and reducing abandoned work when cancellation is enforced."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data protection regulation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GDPR"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CCPA"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "privacy law"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Law governing the collection, use, retention, and automated use of personal data, which imposes obligations such as consent, purpose limitation, deletion, impact assessment, and rights over automated decisions that an ML system must implement in its data pipeline, models, and decision flow."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model weight theft"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "weight exfiltration"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Theft of a model's parameter files from training, storage, or serving infrastructure by insiders or intruders, as distinct from reconstructing the model through its query interface, which the owner counters with access control, encryption at rest, attested execution, and egress limits."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI bill of materials"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AIBOM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ML-BOM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SBOM for ML"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model provenance manifest"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An inventory of the datasets, base weights, libraries, and build steps that produced a model, with versions and hashes, so consumers can check every component against vulnerability and trust lists before depending on the model."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI incident reporting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "serious incident reporting"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AI incident database"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "near-miss reporting"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Recording and disclosing harms and near-misses caused by a deployed AI system to an internal register or an external authority or database, as regulation or policy requires, so that patterns across deployments feed back into risk management."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mechanistic interpretability"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "probing classifiers"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "activation patching"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sparse autoencoder features"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "circuit analysis"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Investigating how a network's internal representations and computations produce behavior through analysis and interventions, to test explanations at the level of internal components."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Safety certification"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "independent safety assessment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "type approval"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "third-party conformity assessment"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An independent assessment that a system meets specified safety requirements for a stated use, providing evidence for deployment approval and review of relevant changes."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Risk acceptance criteria"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Criteria used to judge whether residual risk is acceptable or tolerable in a stated application and whether additional risk reduction is required."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fleet hardware screening tests"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "proactive SDC testing"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "fleet burn-in"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "accelerator diagnostics"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "known-answer tests"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Periodically running test workloads with known outputs on fleet accelerators and processors, at intake and during production, to find defective or silently miscomputing units before they corrupt jobs, at the cost of fleet time spent on tests."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware performance counters"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "performance counters"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "PMU events"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "profiler metrics"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "On-chip event counters, such as cycles, issued instructions, cache misses, bytes moved, and active compute units, that profilers sample to compute achieved bandwidth and arithmetic rate and to attribute stalls to their cause rather than to elapsed time alone."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Trajectory log"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "event-sourced trajectory log"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "trajectory record"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agent event log"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An append-only harness-owned record of intents before dispatch and outcomes after execution, together with approvals and budget state, that supports recovery, replay, evaluation, and audit."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Odometry and dead reckoning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "odometry"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dead reckoning"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "wheel odometry"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "visual odometry"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "visual-inertial odometry"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "inertial integration"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Estimating a platform's pose change by integrating its own motion measurements, from wheel encoders, inertial units, or feature motion in camera and lidar frames, whose error grows without bound with distance traveled unless corrected by loop closure or an external reference."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Capture timing and rolling shutter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "rolling shutter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "global shutter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "capture timestamp"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "capture epoch"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The time or interval over which a measurement is acquired, whose spread across rows or beams can require motion compensation before observations are fused."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Timing jitter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sampling jitter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "control-loop jitter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "period jitter"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "input-output jitter"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Variation in the period or completion time of a periodic sensing, inference, or control task, which degrades a controller designed for a fixed sample interval even when every deadline is met, so real-time budgets bound the spread of completion times and not only their worst case."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Real-time fieldbus"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EtherCAT"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "time-sensitive networking"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TSN"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "time-triggered bus"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "scheduled CAN"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "deterministic field network"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "A device network engineered to provide bounded delivery under stated traffic and scheduling assumptions, whose cycle time and occupancy constrain sensing and control deadlines."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Loop stability margin"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "phase margin"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "gain margin"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "stability margin"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The allowed gain or phase variation before a specified feedback loop becomes unstable, used to budget delay and model uncertainty around an operating point."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Impedance and force control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "impedance control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "admittance control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "force control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "compliant control"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "hybrid position-force control"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Feedback control that regulates the relationship between motion and contact force, by commanding a virtual stiffness and damping or by tracking a force setpoint, so a robot can touch, push, and insert without the force spikes that pure position control produces at contact."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "In-doubt action"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "unknown outcome"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "in-doubt operation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "An external action whose outcome is unknown after dispatch, requiring reconciliation or retry-safe endpoint semantics before recovery chooses whether to repeat or skip it."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model bandwidth utilization"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "MBU"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Model-required bytes of weights and KV cache per decoding step divided by step time and by the aggregate peak memory bandwidth of the participating devices, the memory-bound counterpart of model FLOPs utilization, stated for a given batch and cache configuration."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hot-spare capacity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "spare nodes"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "standby accelerators"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Idle, pre-provisioned accelerators or nodes reserved to replace failed workers, reducing the delay of acquiring replacement resources at the cost of reserved capacity."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Geo-distributed training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cross-datacenter training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "multi-datacenter training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cross-region training"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "WAN training"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Planning one training job across accelerators in several datacenters by placing the low-communication parallelism dimension (pipeline stages, local-SGD replicas, or asynchronous hierarchies) on the long, narrow inter-site links and the bandwidth-hungry dimensions inside each site, and scheduling the WAN transfers against its latency and bandwidth."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Quarantined-model pattern"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "dual-LLM pattern"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "privileged and quarantined LLM"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "CaMeL"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "quarantined reader"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Separating privileged planning from an unprivileged model that parses untrusted content, so that parsed values reach the planner only as references and a trusted runtime, often with provenance tracking, checks derived values before tool execution."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sycophancy evaluation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "sycophancy benchmark"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "persuasion robustness evaluation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "rebuttal flip rate"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "agreement-seeking evaluation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Measuring how often a model abandons a correct answer or endorses a user's mistaken claim under pushback, authority cues, or social pressure, usually across several turns, so that agreement-seeking is measured separately from task accuracy."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Communication-to-computation ratio"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "bytes communicated per FLOP"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "communication intensity"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The bytes a parallel plan must exchange per unit of local arithmetic, which, set against link bandwidth and the accelerator's FLOP rate, says whether a stage is communication-bound in the same way arithmetic intensity says whether a kernel is memory-bound."@en ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology scaling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Moore's law"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Dennard scaling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "end of Dennard scaling"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "transistor scaling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The historical trends by which transistor density doubled on a steady cadence while, for a long period, power density stayed constant as transistors shrank; the end of constant power density is why added transistors can no longer all be clocked at once, pushing designs toward parallelism and specialization."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compression technique composition"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "compression pipeline"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "pruning-quantization-distillation ordering"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "combined compression"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Applying several compression methods in a chosen sequence, whose interactions can reinforce or diminish their individual savings and must be evaluated jointly for quality and execution cost."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fidelity-adaptive serving"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "accuracy scaling under load"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "model switching under load"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "quality-elastic serving"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "runtime precision switching"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Meeting a latency target under rising load by switching requests to a cheaper variant of the same model, such as a lower-precision copy, a pruned subnetwork, or fewer layers, so capacity is bought with controlled quality loss instead of queueing or rejection."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compound workflow pipelining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "cross-stage pipelining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "inter-agent pipelining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "streaming prefill overlap"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "LLM application DAG scheduling"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Overlapping stages of a compound ML application by streaming intermediate results to downstream stages as their dependencies become available, reducing critical-path latency while preserving dependency order."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reachability analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "forward reachable set"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "backward reachable set"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "Hamilton-Jacobi reachability"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "reachable occupancy"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Computing the set of states a system, or another agent in its workspace, can reach within a time horizon under its dynamics and bounded inputs or disturbances, used to prove a safe set invariant, to size clearance margins, and to screen proposed motions against where other agents could be."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fairness monitoring"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "production fairness monitoring"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "subgroup performance monitoring"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "post-market bias monitoring"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Tracking group fairness metrics on production traffic over time, with the sampling, delayed-label, and protected-attribute availability problems that make subgroup estimates noisier than aggregate ones, so that disparities introduced by drift or retraining are caught before they accumulate."@en ; skos:related ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Link signal degradation and flaps"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "link flap"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "link retraining"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "marginal link"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "signal-integrity failure"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Physical-link degradation that produces excessive bit errors, retraining, or intermittent disconnections, causing retransmission and communication stalls when protection mechanisms cannot absorb it."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Activation function"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "nonlinearity"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ReLU"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "GELU"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "SwiGLU"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "gated linear unit"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The elementwise or gated nonlinearity applied between a network's linear layers, whose choice sets whether activations contain exact zeros, whether a block needs an extra gating projection, and how cheaply the operation fuses into the preceding matrix multiply."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Attention-FFN disaggregation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AFD"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "attention-expert disaggregation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ping-pong pipelined decoding"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "disaggregated expert parallelism"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Running attention layers and the feed-forward or expert layers on separate accelerator pools during decode, so memory-bound attention over the KV cache and compute-bound expert matmuls are each batched and provisioned on hardware suited to them, at the cost of streaming activations between pools at every layer."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Label-shift estimation and prior correction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "BBSE"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "black-box shift estimation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "prior shift correction"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "EM prior adjustment"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "class-prior re-estimation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "class-prior adaptation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Estimating deployment class priors from unlabeled predictions under stable class-conditional input distributions and adjusting weights or probabilities to reduce errors from the changed priors."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Map representation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "occupancy grid"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "signed distance field"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "costmap"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "semantic map"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "metric map"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "TSDF"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ESDF"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "landmark map"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "neural scene map"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "The data structure a robot keeps of its environment, such as an occupancy grid, signed-distance field, point cloud, mesh, or semantic layer, chosen by the queries that planning and collision checking must answer at their rates and by the memory and update cost the onboard computer can afford."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compute cost estimate"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "training run cost"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "training run cost estimation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "compute-run cost estimation"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "accelerator-hour estimation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Estimating accelerator time from workload demand and effective hardware performance, then applying resource prices to estimate monetary compute cost under a stated deployment plan."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Precision, recall, and ROC analysis"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "F1 score"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "ROC curve"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "AUC"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "precision-recall curve"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:definition "Classifier metrics that separate the two error types, false positives and false negatives, and the curves (ROC, precision-recall) that show how a decision threshold trades them, which matter whenever classes are imbalanced or the two errors cost differently."@en ; mlsys:specializes ; skos:broader . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Instruction privilege levels"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "instruction hierarchy"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "system-prompt precedence"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Giving instructions from the system, the user, and retrieved or tool-returned content distinct privilege levels, through prompt formatting, delimiting, or training, so that lower-privilege content is less able to override higher-privilege instructions."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Restart-free failure recovery"@en ; taxmeta:entryTerm "recovery without restart"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Reconfiguring distributed training around surviving replicas of model and optimizer state so that the job resumes after supported worker failures without a full-job restart or durable-checkpoint reload, reducing recovery delay at the cost of redundancy and reconfiguration."@en ; skos:related ; skos:related . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Shared-memory bank conflict"@en ; skos:historyNote "Added in 0.4-draft."@en ; skos:topConceptOf ; skos:definition "Serialization of a shared-memory request when threads access different addresses in the same bank, reducing effective shared-memory bandwidth."@en ; skos:related . _:statement0 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.requirements.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets acceptance thresholds for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The operational outcome, evaluation population, and threshold must be declared."@en . _:statement1 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.requirements.slo"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets targets for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Service targets are part of the stated deployment requirements."@en . _:statement2 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.baseline.benchmark"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the reference point within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The baseline must be measured using the same protocol."@en . _:statement3 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.proxy-objective.requirements"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stands in for, and can diverge from,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Improving a measurable proxy need not improve the intended outcome."@en . _:statement4 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workload.capacity-planning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines resource demand for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sizing must include input and request distributions, not just a representative average."@en . _:statement5 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.placement.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "changes attainable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Communication paths, locality, and available service resources depend on placement."@en . _:statement6 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-quality.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds achievable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The effect depends on task, coverage, errors, and the learning procedure."@en . _:statement7 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.labels.loss"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the reliability of the supervision in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For supervised learning; label errors change the optimization signal."@en . _:statement8 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.missing-data.features"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "forces imputation and indicator decisions in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Treatment must preserve the meaning and availability of inputs."@en . _:statement9 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.features.point-in-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must preserve"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For predictions whose inputs become available over time."@en . _:statement10 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.leakage.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can invalidate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When evaluation uses information unavailable at the intended prediction boundary."@en . _:statement11 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.point-in-time.leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prevents"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only when source availability and temporal joins are modeled correctly."@en . _:statement12 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lineage.artifact-version"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records the dependencies behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Provenance must identify versions and transformations sufficient for reconstruction."@en . _:statement13 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.train-serve-skew.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can degrade deployed"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A deployed pipeline may compute different inputs from those used in development."@en . _:statement14 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deduplication.data-selection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a curation stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Removing duplicates changes sample weights and must preserve required coverage."@en . _:statement15 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-selection.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shapes the data supporting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Selection can reduce cost while changing coverage and distribution."@en . _:statement16 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tokenization.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the sequence length processed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a fixed text, changing vocabulary and segmentation can change sequence length."@en . _:statement17 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tokenization.embeddings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "defines the lookup identities of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Embedding rows must correspond to the model's tokenizer and vocabulary."@en . _:statement18 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distribution-shift.calibration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can degrade"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Calibration measured on one distribution need not hold after a shift."@en . _:statement19 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distribution-shift.retraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates, when triggered by,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A response requires diagnosis and evidence; not every detected shift warrants retraining."@en . _:statement20 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.linear-model.features"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "operates on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A linear score can use engineered or learned input features."@en . _:statement21 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.nearest-neighbor.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can use"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Approximation trades exact recovery for search cost in compatible applications."@en . _:statement22 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neural-network.autodiff"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is trained using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For gradient-based learning with supported differentiable objectives and derivative rules."@en . _:statement23 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inductive-bias.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "changes data needed for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Architecture and task alignment affect which patterns can be learned efficiently."@en . _:statement24 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embeddings.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must be resident within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Residency depends on table dimensions, format, and placement or sharding."@en . _:statement25 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.position-encoding.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gains sequence-order sensitivity from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Attention without another position-sensitive mechanism is permutation equivariant."@en . _:statement26 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.attention.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reuses history through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For compatible autoregressive attention architectures."@en . _:statement27 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loss.optimizer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires an objective from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Optimizing the training objective alone does not certify task success."@en . _:statement28 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.autodiff.optimizer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces the gradients consumed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Optimizer state and update rules are separate from differentiation."@en . _:statement29 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.regularization.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shapes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Effects depend on the data, model, objective, and optimization regime."@en . _:statement30 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-size.optimizer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets gradient noise and step count for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Changing the batch can alter gradient noise and statistical efficiency."@en . _:statement31 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-size.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the per-device"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Activation and workspace demand depend on execution and accumulation choices."@en . _:statement32 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.optimizer.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds optimizer variables to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Different update rules retain different auxiliary state."@en . _:statement33 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-state.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the per-device"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Count resident parameters, gradients, optimizer state, and other retained data separately."@en . _:statement34 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hyperparameter-search.selection-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can induce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Selecting among noisy validation scores can produce an optimistic winner."@en . _:statement35 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transfer-learning.peft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Parameter-efficient adaptation is one option, not all transfer learning."@en . _:statement36 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.peft.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks trainable and optimizer state in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The method may select existing parameters or introduce new parameterizations; frozen parameters and activations can still remain resident."@en . _:statement37 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor-layout.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the data-movement cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Views and physical copies have different costs; kernels support particular layouts."@en . _:statement38 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.precision.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets storage width within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Different state components can use different formats."@en . _:statement39 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.precision.numerical-stability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "affects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Range, rounding, accumulation, and intermediate representation all matter."@en . _:statement40 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixed-precision.numerical-stability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires managing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Loss scaling or wider accumulation is useful only for the relevant numerical regime."@en . _:statement41 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization.precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers the numerical precision of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The encoding, scale, and rounding rule determine the approximation."@en . _:statement42 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires re-evaluation of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Quality and calibration must be evaluated for the resulting deployed system."@en . _:statement43 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distillation.neural-network"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces a smaller student"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The student architecture and task evidence determine the actual trade-off."@en . _:statement44 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compilation.fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can apply"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only when semantics and execution dependencies permit combination."@en . _:statement45 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fusion.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Fewer launches can reduce host work, depending on the original execution boundary."@en . _:statement46 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-bandwidth.roofline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the sloped ceiling of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The bandwidth must correspond to the memory boundary used for arithmetic intensity."@en . _:statement47 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-throughput.roofline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the flat ceiling of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The ceiling must match the precision and operation mix of the workload."@en . _:statement48 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.arithmetic-intensity.roofline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects the active bound in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The compute and bandwidth ceilings describe the declared operating model."@en . _:statement49 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tiling.locality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "improves"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tile size, storage capacity, and execution support constrain useful reuse."@en . _:statement50 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.locality.arithmetic-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When reuse reduces transfers across the measured memory boundary."@en . _:statement51 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.profiling.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates realized"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Instrumentation and measurement boundaries affect interpretation."@en . _:statement52 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-parallel.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Synchronous replicas commonly aggregate gradients; other learning semantics differ."@en . _:statement53 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor-parallel.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires per-layer"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Partitioned operations require data exchange according to their decomposition."@en . _:statement54 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-parallel.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stall"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Dependencies and pipeline bubbles expose unequal stage or worker times."@en . _:statement55 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-sharding.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces per-worker copies of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Replication, communication, and reconstruction depend on the sharding stage."@en . _:statement56 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.communication-overlap.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "hides some exposed cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only independent work overlaps; contention or dependencies can expose residual communication."@en . _:statement57 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-topology.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains achievable rates of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Available paths and contention determine achievable exchange rates."@en . _:statement58 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.checkpoint.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is persisted, in selected form, in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Resumption semantics determine which state must be saved."@en . _:statement59 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.consistent-cut.checkpoint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires, for distributed jobs, a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The saved worker states and dependencies must form a recoverable state."@en . _:statement60 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.consensus.fencing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "maintains the epoch authority used by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Resource-enforced epochs remain necessary; a consensus log alone does not fence effects."@en . _:statement61 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federated-learning.privacy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must address"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Keeping raw records local alone does not establish privacy of updates or outputs."@en . _:statement62 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.arrival-rate.service-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the sustainable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The request mix and service-time distribution determine demand."@en . _:statement63 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.utilization.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases, near saturation,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "With fixed service conditions, waits typically rise near saturation; this is not a universal scalar model."@en . _:statement64 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.queueing.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "contributes to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Service, batching, network, and other delays also contribute."@en . _:statement65 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batching.service-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workload, memory, and kernel efficiency bound the gain."@en . _:statement66 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batching.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Waiting to form a batch can add delay; the net effect depends on queueing and service changes."@en . _:statement67 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.admission.service-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "admits work against a known"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Limits must be expressed in resources relevant to the workload."@en . _:statement68 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.autoscaling.service-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adjusts provisioned"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Provisioning delay, state transfer, and warm-up affect when capacity becomes useful."@en . _:statement69 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the resident"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Size depends on architecture, sequence length, format, and concurrency."@en . _:statement70 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.paged-kv.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stores, in fixed-size blocks mapped by a block table, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a block table maps each request's positions to retained key-value blocks that attention can retrieve."@en . _:statement71 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.prefix-cache.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reuses compatible"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Token prefix, model state, position conventions, and access boundaries must match."@en . _:statement72 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.prefill-decode.memory-bandwidth"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the decode phase of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The dominant resource depends on architecture, batch, context length, and implementation."@en . _:statement73 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.speculative-decoding.service-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can raise effective decode throughput of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Acceptance rate, proposer cost, verification, and workload determine the net gain."@en . _:statement74 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.slo.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "defines the counting rule for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The counting rule must specify latency, quality, failures, and the workload population."@en . _:statement75 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.evaluation-split.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports unbiased estimates of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The partition and sampling unit must match the intended deployment question."@en . _:statement76 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.selection-bias.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "inflates reported"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Independent final evaluation is needed after selection on noisy scores."@en . _:statement77 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.calibration.selective-prediction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Abstention thresholds still require risk and coverage evaluation under the deployment distribution."@en . _:statement78 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.statistical-uncertainty.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the precision of conclusions from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Dependence, sample selection, and repeated comparison matter."@en . _:statement79 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.benchmark.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specifies how to measure"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Measurement needs a declared load model, warm-up, boundary, and quantile method."@en . _:statement80 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-experiment.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates causal effects on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Causal interpretation depends on assignment, interference, observation, and stopping assumptions."@en . _:statement81 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sliced-evaluation.fairness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tests specified"@en ; taxmeta:condition "An aggregate score cannot establish performance for every subgroup."@en . _:statement82 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-version.rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires pinned"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Evidence and compatibility must refer to the exact candidate being deployed."@en . _:statement83 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.monitoring.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "observes signs of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Signals require diagnosis and do not establish harmfulness by themselves."@en . _:statement84 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rollout.rollback"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can use"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A rollout can use rollback when acceptance criteria fail; state compatibility and external effects may limit recovery."@en . _:statement85 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feedback-loop.data-quality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can degrade"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Deployed decisions can alter which labels and examples are subsequently observed."@en . _:statement86 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.observability.incident-response"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Useful diagnosis requires recorded context and trustworthy instrumentation."@en . _:statement87 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.threat-model.poisoning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scopes the attack surfaces considered for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The adversary's ability to modify training inputs or signals must be specified."@en . _:statement88 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.threat-model.evasion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scopes the attack surfaces considered for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The adversary's knowledge, perturbations, and target behavior must be specified."@en . _:statement89 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.differential-privacy.privacy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides a formal guarantee for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The guarantee bounds output-distribution change under a declared neighboring relation and accounting parameters; it does not establish every privacy requirement."@en . _:statement90 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.human-oversight.observability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires actionable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Recorded signals must be interpretable and available in time to support intervention."@en . _:statement91 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.energy.carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "contributes operational emissions to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Conversion depends on operational accounting boundaries and energy-source emissions; embodied emissions are separate."@en . _:statement92 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.unit-cost.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires an acceptance criterion from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Counting attempted work as successful outcomes understates the unit cost."@en . _:statement93 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.capacity-planning.slo"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is sized against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Provisioning decisions must account for demand variation and resource constraints."@en . _:statement94 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.trajectory.context"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the history carried across an"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only selected observations and records fit in a model invocation."@en . _:statement95 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.planning.trajectory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "revises the actions within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Execution observations and changing constraints can invalidate a prospective plan."@en . _:statement96 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retrieval.context"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the passage volume injected by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Relevance, authorization, provenance, and token budget constrain what may be supplied."@en . _:statement97 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retrieval.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can use"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Approximation and index freshness affect retrieval quality and cost."@en . _:statement98 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compensation.trajectory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can use, to remedy earlier steps,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A remedy may not restore the original state or undo all consequences."@en . _:statement99 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.prompt-injection.authorization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "blocks unauthorized actions triggered by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Untrusted content must not silently acquire authority through model interpretation."@en . _:statement100 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-evaluation.trajectory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures accepted outcomes of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Evaluate external effects and constraint compliance, not only final text."@en . _:statement101 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reward-hacking.proxy-objective"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can invite"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A reward is not itself evidence that the intended task was performed."@en . _:statement102 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamics.trajectory-feasibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Physical states, inputs, disturbances, and constraints determine admissible motion."@en . _:statement103 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensing.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies the measurement model and frame alignment for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the estimator's measurement models and frame and time alignment are established by sensor calibration."@en . _:statement104 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-observability.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A low reported covariance does not by itself establish that the state is distinguishable."@en . _:statement105 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.observation-age.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "inflates the uncertainty of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "State can evolve between capture and use; propagation depends on the plant and disturbances."@en . _:statement106 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feedback-delay.feedback-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the stability margin of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Delay can reduce stability margins; the effect depends on sampling and dynamics."@en . _:statement107 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.wcet.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "contributes to bounding"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Execution-time bounds alone do not include all queueing, scheduling, sensing, and transport delays."@en . _:statement108 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.contact-compliance.dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "changes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Contact modes, stiffness, damping, and impact alter physical response."@en . _:statement109 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sim-to-real.dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires assessing simulator mismatch in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Simulation evidence must be evaluated against the actual deployment conditions."@en . _:statement110 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.runtime-assurance.trajectory-feasibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks proposed actions against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the monitor's feasibility model, timing, and implementation assumptions hold; the guarantee is only as good as that model."@en . _:statement111 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stopping-envelope.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Delay adds motion before braking; braking authority and uncertainty also matter."@en . _:statement112 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.operating-domain.safety-case"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the claims in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Evidence must match the intended operating conditions and configuration."@en . _:statement113 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-case.runtime-assurance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "argues over the premises and fallbacks of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When runtime monitoring and fallback are part of the safety argument rather than an unargued numerical filter."@en . _:statement114 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.isolation.authorization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces the access boundaries of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Isolation can restrict resource access, but it does not choose the authorization policy or prove external-effect correctness."@en . _:statement115 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-acquisition.evaluation-split"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the observed population for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Selection and missing outcomes can change the population to which an estimate applies."@en . _:statement116 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-contract.data-quality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specifies the validity criteria for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A schema check alone cannot establish semantic correctness or task fitness."@en . _:statement117 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.delayed-outcomes.monitoring"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits timely conclusions from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Outcome maturation and selective observation require explicit evaluation windows."@en . _:statement118 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.decision-policy.calibration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses outputs assessed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A probability threshold needs task costs and deployment-distribution evidence as well as calibration."@en . _:statement119 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.supervised-learning.labels"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses targets assessed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The target semantics and observation process must match the intended task."@en . _:statement120 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.self-supervised-learning.loss"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constructs targets for its own"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Targets are derived from the data under a specified objective and corruption or prediction scheme."@en . _:statement121 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.unsupervised-learning.features"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes its inputs from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When an unsupervised pipeline explicitly constructs or transforms its input features before fitting the learner."@en . _:statement122 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reinforcement-learning.proxy-objective"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "optimizes behavior against a reward acting as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The reward and interaction model may differ from the desired real-world outcome."@en . _:statement123 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.imitation-learning.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "induces compounding state-distribution shift"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Policy actions change the states visited relative to demonstration data."@en . _:statement124 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-artifact.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must be resident within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Residency can include parameters, tree structure, support vectors, or stored examples, depending on the model."@en . _:statement125 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.linear-model.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the contents of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Feature transforms and output rules are part of the execution contract."@en . _:statement126 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tree-ensemble.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the contents of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tree structures, thresholds, leaf values, and aggregation rules require storage and compatible execution."@en . _:statement127 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-method.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Support vectors or an explicit approximation affect the stored state and evaluation cost."@en . _:statement128 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.nearest-neighbor.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the contents of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Stored vectors, metadata, and optional indexes contribute capacity and search cost."@en . _:statement129 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-model.consensus"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the guarantees of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Fault classes, membership, quorum availability, and timing assumptions bound the agreement claim."@en . _:statement130 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-model.checkpoint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the recovery requirements for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Recovery semantics must cover the faults and state dependencies actually assumed."@en . _:statement131 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.backpressure.arrival-rate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits offered"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The signal must reach producers in time and avoid shifting overload into unbounded buffers."@en . _:statement132 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.privacy-leakage.privacy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds acceptable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Risk depends on the information, recipient, purpose, consent, and declared protections."@en . _:statement133 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.roofline.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implies a lower bound on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For fixed arithmetic work, a throughput ceiling implies a lower execution-time bound. Additional overheads can lengthen actual runtime."@en . _:statement134 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.execution-time.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "contributes to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Execution contributes to each request latency; component quantiles cannot generally be added to obtain an end-to-end quantile."@en . _:statement135 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-capacity.batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits feasible"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Model state, request state, intermediates, and allocator overhead must fit for the selected execution strategy."@en . _:statement136 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.generalization.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measure"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The metric, sampling protocol, and target distribution determine what the estimate means."@en . _:statement137 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.metrics.rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gate advancement during"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Release criteria and populations must be specified before interpreting candidate results."@en . _:statement138 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.monitoring.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tracks deployed"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Observed task metrics can be delayed, biased, or unavailable; system health alone does not establish task quality."@en . _:statement139 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-parallel.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replicates, multiplying the total footprint of,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Conventional replicated data parallelism keeps model and update state at each worker; ZeRO and hybrid strategies shard selected components."@en . _:statement140 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor-parallel.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partitions"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For tensor decompositions whose operand and reduction partitions require compatible communication and layout."@en . _:statement141 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.profiling.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures observed"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Measurement boundaries, instrumentation, and workload determine the observation; a sample is not a universal time bound."@en . _:statement142 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fairness.decision-policy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains acceptable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The protected populations, outcome criterion, operating conditions, and trade-offs must be stated; one criterion does not establish all fairness goals."@en . _:statement143 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.threat-model.robustness-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects attack cases for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tests exercise a declared adversary and interface; passing selected attacks does not establish universal robustness."@en . _:statement144 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-model.incident-response"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds planned recovery in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A design's recovery guarantees are limited to its declared faults and assumptions; operations may also encounter unmodeled incidents."@en . _:statement145 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-estimation.feedback-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses estimated state from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For controllers using estimated state, uncertainty and observation timing matter; other output-feedback designs need not reconstruct full state."@en . _:statement146 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feedback-control.dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "governs the plant response to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The closed-loop response depends on the plant, disturbances, constraints, sensing, and controller implementation."@en . _:statement147 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.runtime-assurance.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on qualified"@en ; taxmeta:condition "State-dependent checks need valid observation timing and error bounds; the guarantee remains conditional on those premises."@en . _:statement148 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.operating-domain.robustness-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scopes the relevant conditions for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The intended domain identifies relevant stresses and coupled corners, but finite selected tests do not exhaust continuous operating conditions."@en . _:statement149 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.service-capacity.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds sustainable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only for matching work units, counting boundary, workload, operating state, and horizon. A measured throughput is not a universal capacity ceiling."@en . _:statement150 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.energy.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds monetary cost to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Convert energy through the applicable tariff or cost model; do not add it again when already included in cloud or facility charges."@en . _:statement151 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.irreversible-effects.rollback"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can prevent full reversal by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Restoring software or configuration cannot necessarily undo physical, informational, financial, or human consequences already caused."@en . _:statement152 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.irreversible-effects.compensation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can remain after"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A remedy may address an obligation or consequence without restoring the original world state."@en . _:statement153 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.runtime-assurance.irreversible-effects"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can gate prospective"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only when the mechanism mediates the relevant pre-actuation path with sufficient timing and authority. Detection can occur after an effect, and fallback can itself be irreversible."@en . _:statement154 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.privacy-leakage.irreversible-effects"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can create"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Disclosed information may be copied or retained outside the system's control, so subsequent deletion cannot guarantee full retraction."@en . _:statement155 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.human-oversight.authorization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can constrain"@en ; taxmeta:condition "People need usable evidence, sufficient time, and effective authority; a nominal approval step alone does not establish meaningful control."@en . _:statement156 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neural-network.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the contents of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Execution requires compatible parameters, operators, and configuration. Training state can include additional data not needed for inference."@en . _:statement157 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.metrics.hallucination"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can assess support for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For tasks requiring factual or source-grounded assertions, evaluate support in addition to fluency or schema validity; not every task has the same truth criterion."@en . _:statement158 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dataset-storage-layout.data-ingestion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the I/O required by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Effects depend on access pattern, projection/filtering, encoding, storage medium, and caching; a layout does not guarantee higher throughput."@en . _:statement159 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.schema-evolution.data-contract"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires compatibility rules in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Contracts must identify producers/consumers, field meaning, allowed changes, defaults, and migration expectations; format-supported changes need not preserve application semantics."@en . _:statement160 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-ingestion.backpressure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies, under overload,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When record arrival exceeds sustainable processing capacity and the source permits slowing producers; sources that cannot be slowed need buffering or shedding instead."@en . _:statement161 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-ingestion.point-in-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires event-time-preserving"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When downstream features or evaluation depend on event-time correctness, ingestion/availability timestamps and late-data policies must be retained; arrival order alone is insufficient."@en . _:statement162 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.test-oracle.integration-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires expectations from a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The oracle may be partial, probabilistic, or human-assisted and only covers declared properties and tested cases."@en . _:statement163 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.integration-testing.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can expose"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tests compare relevant preprocessing and model interfaces across representative paths; untested distributions or deployment differences can remain."@en . _:statement164 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.integration-testing.dependency-environment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tests compatibility within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Test environments must represent the target packages, binaries, resources, and configuration; passing one environment does not validate all others."@en . _:statement165 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-model.failure-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects candidate scenarios for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Injected faults instantiate selected assumptions; realistic timing, combinations, observation criteria, and containment must be declared."@en . _:statement166 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-injection.incident-response"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exercises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A controlled scenario can test detection and response paths; success does not demonstrate preparedness for every incident."@en . _:statement167 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-injection.test-oracle"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires observable acceptance criteria from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Criteria may evaluate latency, error rates, recovery behavior, or invariants; injecting a fault without assessing outcomes is not sufficient evidence."@en . _:statement168 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dependency-environment.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires a pinned"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Package identity alone is insufficient: hardware, data, seeds, nondeterministic operations, external services, and acceptance criteria may also matter."@en . _:statement169 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-version.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "identifies the exact inputs for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reproduction requires resolvable versions and the execution procedure/environment; version labels alone do not reproduce results."@en . _:statement170 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workflow-orchestration.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can record execution evidence as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only when actual input/output artifacts, parameters, steps, and execution identities are captured; orchestration alone does not establish complete provenance."@en . _:statement171 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workflow-orchestration.idempotency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires retry-safe steps through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When steps can be retried after ambiguous completion, repeated external effects need explicit handling; idempotency is one option rather than a universal orchestration guarantee."@en . _:statement172 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.experiment-reproducibility.benchmark"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The benchmark protocol must state tolerances, repetitions, environment, and workload; reproducibility does not establish external validity."@en . _:statement173 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-hierarchy.locality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides storage levels for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The algorithm, placement, and implementation determine which levels actually serve an access; effective rates depend on contention and access pattern."@en . _:statement174 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-device-interconnect.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can add transfer delay to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the measured execution boundary includes traffic crossing the host-device path, transport, topology, contention, reuse, and overlap determine its contribution; fully hidden transfers need not increase end-to-end time."@en . _:statement175 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.accelerator-execution-architecture.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains supported mappings of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operations, data types, shapes, and implementation must match the execution resources; peak throughput is not achieved throughput."@en . _:statement176 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-delivery.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains feasible operating points for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Supply limits, voltage integrity, and platform power management can constrain sustained execution; power is distinct from energy."@en . _:statement177 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thermal-dynamics.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When thermal controls reduce frequency or service rate or suspend operation, a cold unloaded timing measurement need not characterize sustained or shared operation."@en . _:statement178 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thermal-dynamics.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds cooling overhead to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The system boundary and cooling overhead must be stated; carbon conclusions additionally require energy mix and lifecycle assumptions."@en . _:statement179 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sli.slo"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the measured quantity in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The indicator's population, window, and aggregation must match the objective's."@en . _:statement180 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.error-budget.slo"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The objective is stated as a fraction over a defined window."@en . _:statement181 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.error-budget.rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "paces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Teams agree to slow or halt changes when the remaining budget is exhausted."@en . _:statement182 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.latency-budget.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "allocates permitted"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Stage latencies compose along a request path whose end-to-end target is fixed."@en . _:statement183 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.flop-accounting.arithmetic-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies the operation and byte counts for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operation and byte counts are taken at the same memory boundary."@en . _:statement184 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-footprint.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps"@en ; taxmeta:condition "All resident state is counted at its peak, including runtime buffers."@en . _:statement185 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workload-trace.capacity-planning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "grounds demand estimates in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The trace is representative of the arrival, size, and mix distribution being provisioned for."@en . _:statement186 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workload.flop-accounting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates the operations and bytes of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Model shapes and input sizes are known."@en . _:statement187 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-sensitive-decision.decision-policy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets thresholds in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Error costs and class priors can be stated for the deployment context."@en . _:statement188 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pareto-frontier.requirements"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the non-dominated trade-offs available to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Two or more objectives are measured on the same workload and cannot all be optimized at once."@en . _:statement189 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transformer.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is built from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The architecture uses attention layers interleaved with feed-forward blocks."@en . _:statement190 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recommendation-model.embeddings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is dominated by lookups in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Categorical features are encoded through large embedding tables."@en . _:statement191 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.diffusion-model.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "multiplies by sampling step count"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Generation runs the denoising network once per sampling step."@en . _:statement192 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.convolution.arithmetic-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "typically raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Filters are reused across many spatial positions within one kernel."@en . _:statement193 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recurrence.serial-fraction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds sequential dependence to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each step depends on the previous hidden state, preventing parallelism across time steps."@en . _:statement194 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.normalization-layer.numerical-stability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "improves"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Activation statistics would otherwise drift with depth or batch composition."@en . _:statement195 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixture-of-experts.active-parameters"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces relative to total parameters"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each token is routed to only a small subset of experts."@en . _:statement196 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixture-of-experts.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "still requires storing all experts within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Every expert must be resident somewhere in the system even if inactive for a token."@en . _:statement197 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-routing.all-to-all"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines token traffic in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Experts are placed on different devices from the tokens routed to them."@en . _:statement198 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-capacity.expert-routing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds assignments made by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A fixed per-expert buffer is allocated per batch."@en . _:statement199 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.load-balancing-loss.expert-routing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "regularizes toward balance"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The auxiliary loss weight is large enough to counter router collapse without dominating the task loss."@en . _:statement200 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.active-parameters.flop-accounting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines per-token compute in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Compute is counted for the experts actually activated rather than all stored parameters."@en . _:statement201 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.early-exit.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces average, and makes input-dependent,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Exit criteria differ across inputs, so latency varies with input difficulty."@en . _:statement202 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-length.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scales the size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Autoregressive decoding retains keys and values for every prior position."@en . _:statement203 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sliding-window-attention.context-length"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes longer contexts more affordable by reducing attention cost over"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The attention pattern reduces attended query-key pairs relative to dense attention; linear cost requires bounded attended positions per query, and quality on long-range tasks may change."@en . _:statement204 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.linear-attention.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replaces with a fixed-size state"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The attention kernel is approximated by a feature map that permits a recurrent formulation."@en . _:statement205 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-space-model.recurrence"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "updates its state through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the state update runs step by step at inference."@en . _:statement206 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.grouped-query-attention.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Fewer key-value heads are stored than query heads."@en . _:statement207 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-extension.position-encoding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "rescales or interpolates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model uses a position encoding, such as rotary embeddings, that can be rescaled or interpolated."@en . _:statement208 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-serialization.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "persists the parameters of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The artifact's weights are persisted for later loading."@en . _:statement209 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-exchange-format.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides input to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The target runtime or compiler supports the exchanged operator set."@en . _:statement210 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-export.model-exchange-format"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can emit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The program's operators and control flow are expressible in the format."@en . _:statement211 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-signature.integration-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks callers against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Callers and the artifact agree on input and output names, types, and shapes."@en . _:statement212 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ridge-point.bound-regime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "separates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Throughput and bandwidth ceilings are measured for the same device and memory level."@en . _:statement213 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bound-regime.prefill-decode"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "classifies prefill as compute-bound and decode as memory-bound in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Prefill processes many tokens per weight read while decode processes few."@en . _:statement214 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-movement-energy.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "often dominates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operands are fetched from off-chip memory rather than reused locally."@en . _:statement215 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.locality.data-movement-energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reused data is served from nearer, lower-energy storage levels."@en . _:statement216 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.serial-fraction.amdahls-law"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "parameterizes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The unaccelerated fraction is measured on the same workload as the speedup."@en . _:statement217 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.amdahls-law.strong-scaling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds speedup under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Problem size is fixed while resources grow."@en . _:statement218 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stragglers.parallel-efficiency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workers synchronize so the slowest determines step time."@en . _:statement219 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.collectives.parallel-efficiency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Communication time is exposed rather than overlapped with computation."@en . _:statement220 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.littles-law.arrival-rate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relates system occupancy to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The system is stable and averages are taken over a long window."@en . _:statement221 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.latency-throughput-curve.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "locates the maximum load meeting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Latency is measured at the percentile the objective specifies."@en . _:statement222 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.arrival-burstiness.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Mean utilization is held fixed while inter-arrival variability grows."@en . _:statement223 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.scaling-laws.compute-optimal-allocation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is derived from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The fitted law is used within the range of model and data sizes it was fit on."@en . _:statement224 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-optimal-allocation.training-compute-estimate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Dense models are trained where the six-operations-per-parameter-per-token approximation holds."@en . _:statement225 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-optimal-allocation.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can trade off against lifecycle"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Large inference volume can favor smaller models trained beyond the compute-optimal point."@en . _:statement226 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-compute-estimate.flop-accounting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a special case of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model is a dense transformer and attention cost is small relative to parameter compute."@en . _:statement227 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.systolic-array.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "executes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operand shapes are tiled to the array dimensions."@en . _:statement228 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.matrix-unit.precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reaches peak throughput only at supported"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operations use input and accumulation formats the unit implements."@en . _:statement229 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.simt.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the achieved fraction of, through lane masking under divergence,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When threads in a warp take different control-flow paths, so masked lanes idle while each path executes in turn."@en . _:statement230 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dataflow.data-movement-energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The accelerator's local storage cannot hold all operands at once."@en . _:statement231 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.domain-specific-architecture.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises, on its target operations,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The target operations dominate the workload the hardware runs."@en . _:statement232 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hbm.memory-bandwidth"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides high"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Data resides in device memory rather than host memory."@en . _:statement233 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-chip-sram.tiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds tile size for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tiles must fit in on-chip storage for reuse to occur."@en . _:statement234 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-wall.bound-regime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shifts workloads toward the memory-bound side of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Peak arithmetic throughput grows faster than memory bandwidth across hardware generations."@en . _:statement235 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.scale-up-interconnect.tensor-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the efficient group size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tensor-parallel collectives occur every layer and need the highest-bandwidth links."@en . _:statement236 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.coherent-interconnect.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can extend"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Pooled or attached memory is acceptable at its higher latency."@en . _:statement237 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.peer-to-peer-transfer.host-device-interconnect"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bypasses host staging on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Devices, drivers, and topology support direct transfers."@en . _:statement238 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tdp.thermal-dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the design envelope for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sustained workloads, rather than brief bursts, determine heat removal needs."@en . _:statement239 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dvfs.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce, at some cost in speed,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workload phases tolerate lower clocks, such as memory-bound phases."@en . _:statement240 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dark-silicon.domain-specific-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "motivates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Power, not transistor count, limits how much of a chip can be active."@en . _:statement241 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-capping.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can lower"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The cap binds below the power the workload would otherwise draw."@en . _:statement242 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.microcontroller.on-device-memory-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "imposes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Weights and activations must fit in on-chip flash and SRAM."@en . _:statement243 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.edge-npu.precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires supported low"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The accelerator implements only specific integer or reduced-precision formats."@en . _:statement244 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.heterogeneous-soc.placement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires operator-level"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Different blocks support different operators, precisions, and power states."@en . _:statement245 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.energy-per-inference.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a per-input case of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The boundary is one inference on one device, including memory and idle overhead."@en . _:statement246 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor.tensor-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is metadata carried by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The framework records strides or format metadata with each tensor."@en . _:statement247 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.computation-graph.autodiff"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "traverses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Derivatives are composed in reverse over recorded operations."@en . _:statement248 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.eager-execution.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "incurs per-operation"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each operation is launched separately from the host program."@en . _:statement249 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tracing-jit.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A compiler accepts the traced intermediate graph and its assumptions about inputs and control flow hold."@en . _:statement250 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.io-aware-attention.on-chip-sram"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "depends on the capacity of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tile sizes are chosen to fit on-chip memory."@en . _:statement251 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.convolution-lowering.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "maps convolution onto"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The im2col-style transformation is used, at the cost of duplicated input data."@en . _:statement252 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.convolution-lowering.convolution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A lowering algorithm is chosen per layer shape."@en . _:statement253 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-library.fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can limit opportunities for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Library calls are opaque to the compiler and cannot be fused with neighbors."@en . _:statement254 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.intermediate-representation.fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The IR exposes producer-consumer structure across operators."@en . _:statement255 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.autotuning.tiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects parameters for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The schedule space is large and performance is hard to predict analytically."@en . _:statement256 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-dsl.tiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is written in terms of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Kernels are written in terms of blocks that the compiler maps to threads and memory."@en . _:statement257 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-planning.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces peak"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tensor lifetimes are known at compile time."@en . _:statement258 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-streams.communication-overlap"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Communication and computation are issued on independent streams with correct event dependencies."@en . _:statement259 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-replay.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The launch sequence and tensor addresses are static across iterations."@en . _:statement260 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loss-scaling.mixed-precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a component of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Gradients would otherwise underflow in the reduced-precision format."@en . _:statement261 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.block-scaled-format.precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends the representable range, at fixed element bits, of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When values within each block have similar magnitude so one shared scale serves them all."@en . _:statement262 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.accumulation-precision.numerical-stability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "affects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Long reductions accumulate rounding error in low precision."@en . _:statement263 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-parallel.all-to-all"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tokens are dispatched to and gathered from experts on other devices."@en . _:statement264 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-parallel.mixture-of-experts"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "distributes the experts of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Experts do not fit, or run too slowly, on one device."@en . _:statement265 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequence-parallel.context-length"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends the feasible"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Activation or attention memory for one sequence exceeds one device."@en . _:statement266 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hybrid-parallel.network-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shapes the group mapping of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Link bandwidth differs between levels of the hardware hierarchy."@en . _:statement267 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-bubble.pipeline-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "incurs"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Microbatches per step are few relative to pipeline stages."@en . _:statement268 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ring-allreduce.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an algorithm for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Participants can be arranged in a ring with comparable link bandwidth."@en . _:statement269 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.alpha-beta-model.ring-allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "predicts the cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Link latency and bandwidth are roughly uniform and contention is ignored."@en . _:statement270 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tree-allreduce.ring-allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Messages are small or participants many, so latency terms dominate."@en . _:statement271 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.all-to-all.bisection-bandwidth"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds throughput of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Traffic crosses the network bisection rather than staying within local groups."@en . _:statement272 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-compression.data-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cuts gradient-synchronization volume with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Convergence is preserved, for example through error feedback, at the chosen compression ratio."@en . _:statement273 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lease.fencing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "needs epoch fencing to be safe, as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Clocks are bounded in drift so expired holders can be rejected safely."@en . _:statement274 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.leader-election.consensus"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly relies on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Replicas must agree on a single leader under partial failure."@en . _:statement275 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bounded-staleness.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces waiting on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Convergence tolerates updates computed on stale parameters within the bound."@en . _:statement276 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federated-averaging.federated-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a baseline algorithm for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Clients can run local optimization steps between communication rounds."@en . _:statement277 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.non-iid-data.federated-averaging"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "slows convergence of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Client data distributions differ and clients take many local steps."@en . _:statement278 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.client-sampling.non-iid-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets which clients' distributions enter each round, shaping the effective"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When participation correlates with client characteristics such as connectivity, device class, or time zone."@en . _:statement279 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federation-setting.client-sampling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines constraints on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Device availability and reliability differ between cross-device and cross-silo settings."@en . _:statement280 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pue.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scales IT energy to facility energy in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The accounting boundary includes facility overheads."@en . _:statement281 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.liquid-cooling.rack-power-density"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises the feasible"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When air cooling cannot remove the heat generated at the target density."@en . _:statement282 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rack-power-density.scale-up-interconnect"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains the physical extent of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Short copper links require accelerators to be packed into few racks."@en . _:statement283 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-oversubscription.power-capping"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Simultaneous peaks across equipment are rare but must be bounded when they occur."@en . _:statement284 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rdma.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers per-message overhead of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Transfers bypass host network stacks and remote CPUs."@en . _:statement285 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lossless-fabric.rdma"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides drop-free transport for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The RDMA transport performs poorly under packet loss, as with RoCE."@en . _:statement286 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.congestion-control.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce network-induced"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Synchronized collective traffic or incast creates switch queue buildup."@en . _:statement287 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fat-tree.bisection-bandwidth"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can provide full"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Switch tiers are not oversubscribed."@en . _:statement288 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rail-optimized.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shapes the group-to-rail placement of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When parallel groups are placed so their peers share a rail, keeping most of their collective traffic within one leaf switch."@en . _:statement289 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.in-network-reduction.tree-allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "offloads reduction steps of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Switches support aggregation for the data types and operations used."@en . _:statement290 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bisection-bandwidth.network-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "summarizes the capacity of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Traffic is uniform enough that the worst-case cut is relevant."@en . _:statement291 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.parallel-file-system.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies aggregate read bandwidth for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Many workers read training data concurrently from shared storage."@en . _:statement292 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.object-storage.storage-tiering"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly forms the capacity tier in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Hot data is cached closer to compute."@en . _:statement293 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.storage-tiering.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reads through the nearer tiers of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Working sets fit in nearer tiers or are prefetched."@en . _:statement294 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.checkpoint-io.checkpoint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the cost of taking"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training state is large relative to available storage bandwidth."@en . _:statement295 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gang-scheduling.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce cluster"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Resources sit idle while waiting for a full allocation, unless backfilled."@en . _:statement296 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.job-preemption.checkpoint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "depends on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Preempted work is resumed rather than restarted from scratch."@en . _:statement297 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dominant-resource-fairness.multi-tenancy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "allocates shares among tenants in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Jobs demand several resource types in different proportions."@en . _:statement298 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.elastic-training.job-preemption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces lost work from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The job can reshard state and continue with fewer workers."@en . _:statement299 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.topology-aware-placement.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Communicating workers are placed on shared fast links or switches."@en . _:statement300 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.topology-aware-placement.placement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "refines"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Placement decisions are made at node and device granularity."@en . _:statement301 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bin-packing.topology-aware-placement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades off against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Dense packing fragments the contiguous allocations that locality requires."@en . _:statement302 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-tenancy.isolation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tenants must not observe or disrupt one another's work."@en . _:statement303 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.resource-quota.capacity-planning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partitions shared capacity within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Shared capacity is divided among tenants with stated limits."@en . _:statement304 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gpu-partitioning.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can raise"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Individual workloads cannot saturate a full accelerator."@en . _:statement305 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.performance-interference.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can inflate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Co-located workloads contend for unpartitioned shared resources."@en . _:statement306 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.spot-capacity.job-preemption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes workloads to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The provider reclaims capacity on short notice."@en . _:statement307 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.spot-capacity.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can lower"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Interruption overhead is smaller than the price discount."@en . _:statement308 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weak-supervision.labels"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces higher-volume, noisier"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when labeling sources are noisy and their errors must be modeled or denoised before training."@en . _:statement309 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.active-learning.data-acquisition"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "biases sampling in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The selected examples depend on the current model, so the labeled set is not a random sample of the deployment population."@en . _:statement310 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.annotator-agreement.labels"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures reliability of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when multiple independent annotations of the same items are collected."@en . _:statement311 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quality-filtering.data-selection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The quality score must correlate with downstream value; filtering on a narrow proxy can remove useful diversity."@en . _:statement312 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-mixture.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shifts across domains"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds under a fixed training budget, where raising one domain's share reduces exposure to others."@en . _:statement313 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.synthetic-data.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can introduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the generator's output distribution differs from the deployment distribution or repeats the generator's errors."@en . _:statement314 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-augmentation.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can improve"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The transformations must preserve labels and reflect invariances present at deployment."@en . _:statement315 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-validation.data-contract"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The contract's schema and validity rules must be machine-checkable."@en . _:statement316 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-store.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when training and serving read features from the same definitions; it does not prevent skew from logic outside the store."@en . _:statement317 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-store.point-in-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports point-in-time joins for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires timestamped feature values and as-of joins when building training sets."@en . _:statement318 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stream-processing.feature-freshness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds achievable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Processing latency and windowing determine how recent a served feature value can be."@en . _:statement319 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-backfill.point-in-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must preserve"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Backfilled values must be computed only from data available at each historical timestamp."@en . _:statement320 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-versioning.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds whenever training or evaluation data can change after a run."@en . _:statement321 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-dependency.entanglement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "amplifies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when unstable or unused inputs remain in a model whose behavior depends jointly on all inputs."@en . _:statement322 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-freshness.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stale values can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when serving-time feature age differs from the age assumed when training examples were built."@en . _:statement323 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.learning-rate-schedule.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Warmup and decay reduce early and late divergence for many optimizers but do not remove instabilities from data or numerics."@en . _:statement324 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.critical-batch-size.data-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits useful scaling of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when adding replicas increases the global batch beyond the critical batch size."@en . _:statement325 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-instability.checkpoint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables restarts that recover from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when loss spikes are handled by rolling back to an earlier checkpoint and changing data order or hyperparameters."@en . _:statement326 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-accumulation.batch-size"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables large effective batch sizes within limited memory for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for losses that sum over examples; per-batch statistics such as batch normalization still see micro-batches."@en . _:statement327 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-offloading.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the accelerator-resident footprint of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Benefit depends on host-device bandwidth and how well transfers overlap with compute."@en . _:statement328 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.experiment-tracking.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records evidence for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tracking must capture code, data, configuration, and environment versions, not only metrics."@en . _:statement329 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hyperparameter-transfer.experiment-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces large-scale spend of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds only under a parameterization in which optimal hyperparameters remain stable as width or depth grows."@en . _:statement330 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lora.peft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an instance of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Always; LoRA restricts updates to low-rank added matrices."@en . _:statement331 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.supervised-fine-tuning.catastrophic-forgetting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when fine-tuning data are narrow relative to pretraining and no replay or regularization is used."@en . _:statement332 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reward-model.rlhf"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies the training signal in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for RLHF pipelines that learn a reward model from human comparisons."@en . _:statement333 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rlhf.reward-hacking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is exposed to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the policy optimizes a learned reward beyond the region where it tracks human preference; a reference-model penalty reduces but does not remove it."@en . _:statement334 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rlvr.verifier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Rewards are only as reliable as the programmatic checker; exploitable checkers produce reward hacking."@en . _:statement335 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-sync.policy-staleness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "frequency determines"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when rollout workers continue generating between synchronizations."@en . _:statement336 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.policy-staleness.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can induce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the update rule assumes on-policy data and lag is not corrected by importance weighting or clipping."@en . _:statement337 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-learning.feedback-loop"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens the cycle of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the model's own predictions influence the data it next learns from."@en . _:statement338 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.incremental-training.retraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is one way to carry out"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When warm-started training produces the replacement for a deployed model."@en . _:statement339 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.experience-replay.catastrophic-forgetting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Effectiveness depends on buffer size and how representative stored examples are of earlier tasks."@en . _:statement340 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-training.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds on devices whose memory cannot hold full activations and optimizer state, forcing sparse or partial updates."@en . _:statement341 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cross-validation.statistical-uncertainty"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces variance of estimates under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for i.i.d. data; temporal or grouped data need splits that respect dependence."@en . _:statement342 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequential-testing.online-experiment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables valid early stopping of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the analysis uses a sequential procedure; repeated peeking at fixed-horizon tests inflates false positives."@en . _:statement343 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.experiment-interference.online-experiment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can bias estimates from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when units share resources, markets, or networks, so treatment of one unit affects others."@en . _:statement344 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.conformal-prediction.selective-prediction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides coverage-calibrated sets for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Prediction sets inform an abstention rule; ordinary marginal coverage under exchangeability does not automatically guarantee coverage under distribution shift or conditional accuracy among accepted predictions."@en . _:statement345 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.slice-discovery.sliced-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "proposes slices for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Discovered slices require human review for coherence and multiple-comparison effects."@en . _:statement346 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-judge.human-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must be calibrated against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds whenever model-graded scores are used as evidence; judges show position, length, and self-preference biases."@en . _:statement347 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pass-at-k.best-of-n"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "upper-bounds accuracy of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Best-of-n reaches pass@n only with a perfect selector; real verifiers lose part of the gap."@en . _:statement348 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pairwise-preference-eval.statistical-uncertainty"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the ranking resolution of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because rankings from finite pairwise votes carry sampling error that can reorder close models."@en . _:statement349 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.benchmark-contamination.leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when evaluation items or near-duplicates appear in training corpora; detection needs overlap checks against training data."@en . _:statement350 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deduplication.benchmark-contamination"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when deduplication is run against evaluation sets, not only within the training corpus."@en . _:statement351 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.time-to-train.benchmark"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the headline metric of a training"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for training benchmarks that fix model, dataset, and quality target under run rules."@en . _:statement352 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-load-scenario.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the latency-percentile constraint on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for server-style scenarios that report throughput only at a stated latency percentile."@en . _:statement353 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.metamorphic-testing.test-oracle"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "substitutes output relations for a missing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when a valid metamorphic relation between inputs and outputs is known."@en . _:statement354 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.production-readiness.release-gate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies criteria for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when rubric items are converted into automated or reviewed checks."@en . _:statement355 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-inference.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the judging metric of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for user-facing request paths with latency targets."@en . _:statement356 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-server.batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "hosts"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for servers that queue concurrent requests to batch them on shared accelerators."@en . _:statement357 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-model-serving.cold-start"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases exposure to load-time"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when more models than fit in memory share resources, so infrequently used models must be loaded on demand."@en . _:statement358 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-cascade.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when most requests are resolved by cheap models and the escalation criterion is reliable."@en . _:statement359 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-cascade.selective-prediction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each stage must abstain and defer when confidence is low; poorly calibrated scores misroute requests."@en . _:statement360 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.latency-budget.slo"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the total allocated by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the end-to-end SLO is decomposed into per-stage targets that sum within it."@en . _:statement361 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ttft.prefill-decode"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prefill phase dominates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when queueing delay is small relative to prompt processing time."@en . _:statement362 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tpot.memory-bandwidth"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds in decode at small batch, where each step reads weights and KV cache with low arithmetic intensity."@en . _:statement363 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hedged-requests.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when slow responses come from replica-specific variability and the extra load from duplicates is small."@en . _:statement364 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.continuous-batching.batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to iterative generation, where requests finish at different steps."@en . _:statement365 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.continuous-batching.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when KV memory admits enough concurrent sequences; interference between prefill and decode can raise latency."@en . _:statement366 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.load-balancing.prefix-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines hit rate of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when cached prefixes are replica-local, so cache-aware routing raises reuse but can unbalance load."@en . _:statement367 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cold-start.autoscaling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the reaction time of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When new replicas must load large weights before serving, so scaling must anticipate demand rather than follow it."@en . _:statement368 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.chunked-prefill.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces decode stalls in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when long prefills would otherwise stall decode iterations of co-batched requests; it can raise TTFT for the long prompt."@en . _:statement369 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pd-disaggregation.prefill-decode"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provisions separate resources for each phase of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Pays off when interference between phases costs more than transferring KV state between pools."@en . _:statement370 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pd-disaggregation.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when TTFT and TPOT targets would otherwise force over-provisioning of a colocated deployment."@en . _:statement371 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.constrained-decoding.grammar"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The constraint representation is supported, enforcement is compatible with the tokenizer, and generation completes successfully."@en . _:statement372 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.output-validation.constrained-decoding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a post-generation alternative for structural checks to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For the same expressible structural constraint, checking after generation can substitute for enforcing it during generation; other checks may still follow constrained decoding."@en . _:statement373 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sampling-controls.self-consistency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires sampling diversity from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For the sampled-reasoning-path procedure, diversity comes from stochastic decoding; repeated deterministic greedy generation with the same model and prompt produces the same path."@en . _:statement374 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reasoning-budget.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "larger budgets increase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because generated reasoning length varies widely across requests and adds decode steps."@en . _:statement375 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.best-of-n.verifier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "precision bounds the gains of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds as n grows, since selection pressure increasingly exploits verifier errors."@en . _:statement376 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.process-reward-model.verifier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a step-level form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires step-level labels or estimates of step correctness."@en . _:statement377 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-time-search.process-reward-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses for pruning"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for searches that score partial solutions before completion."@en . _:statement378 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.test-time-scaling.scaling-laws"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends to inference compute"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds within task families where extra samples or reasoning steps improve accuracy; gains saturate and vary by difficulty."@en . _:statement379 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.test-time-scaling.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the quality gained per unit of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds whenever additional per-query compute is billed or consumes shared serving capacity."@en . _:statement380 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rag.hallucination"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when retrieved passages are relevant and the model grounds its claims in them; irrelevant retrievals can mislead."@en . _:statement381 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rag.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "depends on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Generation quality is bounded by retrieval recall for the facts the answer needs."@en . _:statement382 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dense-retrieval.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses at scale"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the collection is too large for exact similarity search within latency limits."@en . _:statement383 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lexical-retrieval.dense-retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a complementary alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Lexical matching handles rare terms and exact identifiers that embeddings may miss; hybrid systems combine both scores."@en . _:statement384 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reranking.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the precision stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when first-stage recall is adequate and reranker cost fits the latency budget."@en . _:statement385 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-conversion.quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "often applies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for integer-only targets; converted models must be re-evaluated because numerics change."@en . _:statement386 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-runtime.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds on microcontrollers and mobile devices where weights, activations, and runtime must fit in limited RAM and flash."@en . _:statement387 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ota-model-update.rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies staged exposure from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for device fleets where updates are staged by cohort and devices may be offline."@en . _:statement388 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-cloud-partitioning.placement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when part of the computation can run on either side of a network link."@en . _:statement389 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-heterogeneity.model-conversion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "multiplies targets and effort for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when devices differ in supported operators, precision, or accelerators."@en . _:statement390 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-registry.artifact-version"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stores and governs"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when every deployable model is registered with its lineage and stage."@en . _:statement391 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.shadow-deployment.rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the zero-exposure stage before"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when candidate outputs can be compared without user exposure; shadowing cannot measure effects of users reacting to the new model."@en . _:statement392 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-ci-cd.release-gate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "automates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when gate criteria are machine-checkable; some require human review."@en . _:statement393 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.release-gate.rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "controls advancement of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when each rollout stage has predeclared pass criteria."@en . _:statement394 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.drift-detection.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "detects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for shifts visible in monitored statistics; detected drift need not degrade quality, and some harmful shifts are not detected."@en . _:statement395 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-logging.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase exposure to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when logs retain personal inputs or outputs without redaction, access control, or retention limits."@en . _:statement396 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.alerting.incident-response"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "initiates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when alerts are actionable; excessive alerting degrades response through fatigue."@en . _:statement397 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.concept-drift.retraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates, given fresh labels,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because input monitoring alone cannot reveal changed input-target relations; updated outcomes are needed."@en . _:statement398 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.continuous-training.retraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "automates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when data validation and release gates are automated so retrained models can be promoted without manual steps."@en . _:statement399 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.postmortem.incident-response"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "closes the loop on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when corrective actions are tracked to completion."@en . _:statement400 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-attribution.observability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "depends on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Distinguishing data, model, and infrastructure causes requires versioned, correlated signals from each layer."@en . _:statement401 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.configuration-management.technical-debt"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces configuration"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when configuration is reviewed, tested, and versioned like code."@en . _:statement402 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.infrastructure-as-code.dependency-environment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "declares and reproduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when declarations pin versions and are applied without manual drift."@en . _:statement403 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-platform.technical-debt"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can amortize"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when many teams adopt shared components; a poorly maintained platform becomes debt itself."@en . _:statement404 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.undeclared-consumers.feedback-loop"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can create hidden"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when unknown consumers act on model outputs in ways that change future training data."@en . _:statement405 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.entanglement.technical-debt"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a source of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for models where inputs interact, so isolated changes have non-local effects."@en . _:statement406 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mlops-maturity.continuous-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a defining capability of higher levels of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for maturity models that define levels by degree of pipeline automation."@en . _:statement407 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-roles.ml-platform"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "assigns ownership of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds in organizations large enough to separate platform engineering from model development."@en . _:statement408 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-deprecation.undeclared-consumers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can block or break"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when consumers cannot be identified and migrated before the model is removed."@en . _:statement409 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-archival.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "preserves"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when archives include data references, environments, and configuration as well as weights."@en . _:statement410 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-retention.privacy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements requirements of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when retention limits apply to raw data, logs, and derived artifacts such as features and models."@en . _:statement411 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-retention.artifact-archival"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades off against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when audit or reproduction needs conflict with deletion obligations."@en . _:statement412 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-flops-utilization.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when utilization is defined as model-required FLOPs per second over aggregate peak FLOP rate, excluding recomputed work."@en . _:statement413 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-flops-utilization.roofline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds attainable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a given kernel mix, attainable MFU cannot exceed the roofline bound implied by each kernel's arithmetic intensity."@en . _:statement414 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.profiling.bottleneck-analysis"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies evidence for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the profile covers the same workload, configuration, and execution boundary as the bottleneck claim."@en . _:statement415 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bottleneck-analysis.roofline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the candidate bottleneck is a kernel's compute or memory-bandwidth bound rather than I/O, scheduling, or communication."@en . _:statement416 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pruning.sparsity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When pruning removes individual weights, leaving an irregular zero pattern whose speedup depends on sparse-execution support."@en . _:statement417 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.structured-pruning.pruning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the pruned unit is a whole channel, filter, head, or layer rather than an individual weight."@en . _:statement418 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.low-rank-factorization.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When weight matrices are well approximated at a rank much smaller than their dimensions and the smaller products still run efficiently."@en . _:statement419 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization-aware-training.quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "simulates during training"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When training models the rounding of the format the model will deploy in."@en . _:statement420 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neural-architecture-search.hyperparameter-search"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a structured form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When architectural choices are treated as a structured search space evaluated under an experiment budget."@en . _:statement421 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-aware-nas.neural-architecture-search"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the search objective includes a cost measured or predicted on the target platform."@en . _:statement422 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-aware-nas.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "optimizes measured"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When latency on the target device is measured or predicted directly, since FLOP counts can rank architectures differently from real latency."@en . _:statement423 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.depthwise-separable-convolution.arithmetic-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Fewer operations per output come with less data reuse, so memory-bound depthwise layers may not speed up in proportion to the FLOP reduction."@en . _:statement424 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.efficiency-frontier.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is defined only for stated"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A frontier is defined only for a stated quality metric, cost measure, and target platform."@en . _:statement425 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-hardware-co-design.efficiency-frontier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can shift outward"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When model structure and hardware or kernels are designed together rather than one being fixed while the other is tuned."@en . _:statement426 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-hardware-co-design.accelerator-execution-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "jointly specifies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the accelerator's dataflow, precision support, or memory hierarchy is a design variable alongside the model."@en . _:statement427 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retry-backoff.idempotency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Retrying an operation with external effects is safe only when the operation is idempotent or deduplicated."@en . _:statement428 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.circuit-breaker.retry-backoff"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the breaker's error threshold trips before retries saturate the failing dependency."@en . _:statement429 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.replication-failover.availability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When replica failures are independent and failover completes faster than the outage it masks."@en . _:statement430 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-domain.replication-failover"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the protection of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When replicas share a failure domain, a single cause can take out all of them together."@en . _:statement431 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mtbf.checkpoint-interval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Under approximately exponential failure times, where the optimal interval scales with the square root of checkpoint cost times MTBF."@en . _:statement432 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mtbf.availability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a repairable component in steady state, availability is approximately MTBF divided by MTBF plus mean time to repair."@en . _:statement433 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.checkpoint-interval.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "maximizes, when well chosen,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Under a stated MTBF and checkpoint write cost, the interval trades checkpoint overhead against expected lost work."@en . _:statement434 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.async-checkpointing.checkpoint-interval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the blocking snapshot to host memory costs much less than the durable write, lowering the effective checkpoint cost."@en . _:statement435 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.elastic-training.checkpoint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "resumes from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the job restarts on a changed worker set and state must be resharded from the latest consistent checkpoint."@en . _:statement436 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.elastic-training.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can raise"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When replacing failed nodes takes longer than continuing at reduced width and the optimizer tolerates the batch-size change."@en . _:statement437 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.abft.silent-data-corruption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "detects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For linear-algebra operations whose input checksums predict output checksums, within the floating-point tolerance used for comparison."@en . _:statement438 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gray-failure.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can manifest as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In synchronous distributed jobs, where one degraded but live node slows every step."@en . _:statement439 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.chaos-engineering.failure-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When injected faults are framed as experiments against a stated steady-state hypothesis."@en . _:statement440 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.chaos-engineering.blast-radius"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When experiments run against production traffic and must limit the users and components they can affect."@en . _:statement441 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.blast-radius.failure-domain"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When isolation between failure domains holds, so a fault does not propagate across shared dependencies."@en . _:statement442 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.game-day.incident-response"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "rehearses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the exercise uses the same detection, paging, and runbook paths as real incidents."@en . _:statement443 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-fault-injection.silent-data-corruption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates model sensitivity to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the injected fault model, location, and rate approximate the hardware's actual failure modes."@en . _:statement444 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.backdoor.poisoning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is commonly implanted through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the trigger enters through manipulated training data rather than direct weight modification."@en . _:statement445 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.backdoor.supply-chain-compromise"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can implant a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When pretrained weights or fine-tuning data come from parties outside the defender's trust boundary."@en . _:statement446 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.jailbreak.evasion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the adversarial input is a user prompt aimed at bypassing safety training rather than at a task prediction; it differs from prompt injection, where untrusted third-party content crosses an authority boundary."@en . _:statement447 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.adversarial-training.evasion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces success of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only within the perturbation set and threat model used to generate training adversaries."@en . _:statement448 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.adversarial-training.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades off against clean"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Robust training typically costs clean accuracy and multiplies training compute by the cost of generating adversaries."@en . _:statement449 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-extraction.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces a functional copy of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the attacker has sufficient query access and output detail, such as confidence scores, relative to model complexity."@en . _:statement450 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-extraction.evasion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables transfer attacks for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When adversarial inputs crafted against the extracted surrogate transfer to the deployed model."@en . _:statement451 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-watermarking.model-extraction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides ownership evidence against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the watermark survives the adversary's fine-tuning, pruning, or distillation of the copied model."@en . _:statement452 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-signing.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "verifies integrity of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When consumers check signatures against trusted identities before loading and the signing key is not compromised."@en . _:statement453 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-signing.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "binds provenance from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the signature covers provenance metadata such as training data and build inputs, not only the weight bytes."@en . _:statement454 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.unsafe-deserialization.supply-chain-compromise"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When model files in executable serialization formats are loaded from untrusted sources without a data-only format such as safetensors."@en . _:statement455 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.supply-chain-compromise.dependency-environment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can introduce, when unpinned or unverified,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When dependencies are resolved from mutable or unverified sources at build or load time."@en . _:statement456 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.membership-inference.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When attack advantage over a baseline is used as an empirical estimate of record-level leakage."@en . _:statement457 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.differential-privacy.membership-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the advantage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "At the unit defined by the neighboring-dataset relation; the bound weakens as epsilon and delta grow."@en . _:statement458 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-inversion.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "causes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When outputs, confidence scores, or shared gradients carry enough information about sensitive attributes or inputs."@en . _:statement459 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dp-sgd.differential-privacy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When clipping norm, noise multiplier, sampling rate, and step count are tracked by a privacy accountant."@en . _:statement460 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.machine-unlearning.retraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a cheaper, approximate alternative to full"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Exact unlearning equals retraining without the removed records; approximate methods trade the strength of the guarantee for lower cost."@en . _:statement461 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.machine-unlearning.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "To locate every model, shard, and derived artifact that was trained on the records to be removed."@en . _:statement462 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.secure-aggregation.federated-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can use, to hide individual client updates,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When enough clients participate per round that the aggregate does not reveal any single client's update."@en . _:statement463 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.secure-aggregation.poisoning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "hinders detection of, increasing exposure to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Because the server sees only aggregated updates, it cannot inspect individual client updates for anomalies."@en . _:statement464 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.least-privilege.authorization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains grants made by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When permissions are scoped to the task and expire or are revoked when the task ends."@en . _:statement465 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.least-privilege.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the consequences of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a model-driven component processes untrusted content and can act only through narrowly scoped credentials and tools."@en . _:statement466 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.confidential-computing.isolation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a hardware-attested form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the trusted execution environment's hardware and firmware are trusted and the host operator is not."@en . _:statement467 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.remote-attestation.confidential-computing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "establishes trust in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the verifier checks attestation evidence against reference values before releasing keys, data, or model weights."@en . _:statement468 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.side-channel.isolation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can bypass"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tenants share accelerators, caches, memory, or interconnect whose timing or contention is observable across the boundary."@en . _:statement469 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.operational-carbon.carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a component of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Lifecycle carbon sums operational and embodied components under one declared accounting boundary."@en . _:statement470 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embodied-carbon.carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a component of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Lifecycle carbon sums operational and embodied components under one declared accounting boundary."@en . _:statement471 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.carbon-intensity.operational-carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scales"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operational carbon is energy consumed times the carbon intensity of supply at the time and place of consumption."@en . _:statement472 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.carbon-aware-scheduling.carbon-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exploits variation in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When workloads are deferrable or relocatable and intensity varies materially across hours or regions."@en . _:statement473 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.carbon-aware-scheduling.slo"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades off against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When shifting work in time or place delays completion or adds latency beyond a stated objective."@en . _:statement474 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.energy-efficiency.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers, for a fixed amount of work,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When useful work and energy are measured over the same system boundary and workload."@en . _:statement475 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.emission-scopes.embodied-carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "classifies as value-chain (Scope 3)"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For an operator buying hardware, manufacturing emissions fall in Scope 3 while purchased electricity falls in Scope 2."@en . _:statement476 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lifecycle-assessment.embodied-carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the assessment's goal, scope, and functional unit are stated and manufacturer data are available or proxied."@en . _:statement477 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.water-footprint.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Through on-site evaporative cooling and off-site water used in electricity generation, both of which scale with energy use."@en . _:statement478 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.water-footprint.carbon-aware-scheduling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can conflict with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When low-carbon hours or regions coincide with high cooling water demand, such as hot sunny afternoons."@en . _:statement479 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-lifetime.embodied-carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "amortizes, lowering per-unit-work"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When embodied emissions are attributed per year or per unit of work over the asset's service life."@en . _:statement480 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-lifetime.energy-efficiency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades off against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Keeping older hardware saves embodied emissions and capital but forgoes newer generations' work per joule."@en . _:statement481 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-lifetime.e-waste"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers the annual rate of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a fleet of fixed size, shorter refresh cycles retire more equipment per year."@en . _:statement482 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tco.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies the numerator of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the TCO window and the count of accepted outcomes cover the same period and system boundary."@en . _:statement483 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tco.hardware-lifetime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the amortization period in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Capital cost enters TCO through amortization over the assumed service life."@en . _:statement484 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-per-token.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "approximates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only when tokens per accepted outcome are stable; longer reasoning, retries, or context resends make cheap tokens an expensive outcome."@en . _:statement485 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-per-token.batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When larger or continuous batches raise tokens per accelerator-second without violating latency objectives."@en . _:statement486 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-routing.calibration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "depends on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When routers or cascade gates escalate on predicted quality or confidence, which must be calibrated to the request distribution."@en . _:statement487 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-attribution.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When shared spend is allocated to the workloads that produce the counted outcomes by a declared allocation rule."@en . _:statement488 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hazard-analysis.safety-case"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "argues only over hazards from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A safety case is complete only relative to the hazards identified for its stated operating domain."@en . _:statement489 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stpa.hazard-analysis"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a method of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "STPA addresses hazards from unsafe interactions and control flaws that component-failure methods can miss."@en . _:statement490 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fmea.hazard-analysis"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a method of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "FMEA is bottom-up over component failures and does not by itself capture hazards without a failed component."@en . _:statement491 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.control-barrier-function.safety-filter"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides the certificate for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Guarantees depend on an accurate dynamics model, bounded disturbance, and a feasible filtering problem at each tick."@en . _:statement492 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-filter.runtime-assurance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The filter must run independently of, and with authority over, the component it constrains."@en . _:statement493 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.simplex-architecture.runtime-assurance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Switching must occur while the verified controller can still recover the state."@en . _:statement494 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.simplex-architecture.minimal-risk-condition"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "falls back toward"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the safety controller's goal is to reach a defined minimal-risk state rather than continue the mission."@en . _:statement495 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.minimal-risk-condition.stopping-envelope"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds reachability of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A stop-type fallback is feasible only while the state remains inside its stopping envelope."@en . _:statement496 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.guardrails.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partially detects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Classifier guardrails are probabilistic and can be evaded, so they do not replace authority boundaries."@en . _:statement497 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.guardrails.runtime-assurance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a content-level form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when the safe set is a content or action policy rather than a physical state region."@en . _:statement498 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.falsification.scenario-based-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "searches the parameter space of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Found counterexamples are only as realistic as the scenario model and simulator."@en . _:statement499 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rare-event-validation.safety-case"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws statistical evidence from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Bounds hold for the sampled operating distribution and configuration, not for unmodeled conditions."@en . _:statement500 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neural-network-verification.formal-verification"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Exact methods scale poorly with network size; bound-propagation methods trade completeness for scale."@en . _:statement501 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neural-network-verification.evasion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "certifies absence, within a bounded region, of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds only for the specified perturbation set, typically a norm ball around given inputs."@en . _:statement502 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.xil-testing.sim-to-real"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "progressively tests"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each rung adds real software, timing, or hardware but still relies on simulated or recorded environments."@en . _:statement503 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.formal-verification.control-barrier-function"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can certify"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Certification covers the barrier condition under the modeled dynamics, not the fidelity of the model."@en . _:statement504 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.goal-structuring-notation.safety-case"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "expresses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Notation makes the argument structure reviewable; it does not make the argument sound."@en . _:statement505 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-performance-indicator.safety-case"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "monitors validity of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each indicator must trace to a specific claim and have a threshold that triggers review."@en . _:statement506 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-performance-indicator.monitoring"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is collected through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when field telemetry captures the events the indicator counts."@en . _:statement507 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hazard-analysis.safety-integrity-level"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "assigns"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Integrity levels derive from severity, exposure, and controllability of analyzed hazards."@en . _:statement508 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.group-fairness-metric.fairness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A metric measures one criterion on a chosen population and grouping; other criteria remain unmeasured."@en . _:statement509 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fairness-incompatibility.group-fairness-metric"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "forces a choice among"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when base rates differ across groups and the predictor is imperfect."@en . _:statement510 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.individual-fairness.group-fairness-metric"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can conflict with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when similarity under the task metric does not align with group membership."@en . _:statement511 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bias-mitigation.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades off against aggregate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reducing a disparity often lowers aggregate accuracy or shifts error to other groups or metrics."@en . _:statement512 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-attribution.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when explanations are computed on the request path; perturbation-based methods need many extra model evaluations."@en . _:statement513 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.counterfactual-explanation.contestability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Useful for recourse only when the suggested changes are feasible and actionable for the person."@en . _:statement514 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.interpretable-model.feature-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes the need for post-hoc"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds in high-stakes settings where an interpretable model reaches comparable accuracy."@en . _:statement515 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-card.sliced-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reports results of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A model card is informative only for the conditions and groups actually evaluated."@en . _:statement516 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.datasheet.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "summarizes, in human-readable form, provenance from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A datasheet summarizes provenance; machine-checkable lineage is still needed for reproducibility."@en . _:statement517 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.automation-bias.human-oversight"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "undermines"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when automation is usually right, error cues are weak, and reviewers face time pressure."@en . _:statement518 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.authority-handover.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds, through human reaction time,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Takeover is safe only if human reaction and re-orientation time fits within the remaining safety margin."@en . _:statement519 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.contestability.human-oversight"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends to affected people"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires a channel, decision records, and authority to reverse outcomes."@en . _:statement520 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ai-risk-management.impact-assessment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is part of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Mapping risks to affected parties precedes measuring and managing them."@en . _:statement521 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.algorithmic-audit.model-card"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws evidence from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Audits also need access to data, code, and logs; documentation alone is insufficient evidence."@en . _:statement522 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.risk-tiered-regulation.human-oversight"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mandates for high-risk uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to systems classified high-risk under the governing regulation."@en . _:statement523 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.risk-tiered-regulation.algorithmic-audit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires conformity assessment by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to high-risk categories; obligations differ by role (provider, deployer)."@en . _:statement524 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.frontier-safety-framework.ai-risk-management"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a developer's instrument for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a developer's published capability thresholds and commitments govern its model releases."@en . _:statement525 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-compaction.prefix-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades saved tokens against the prefix reuse lost in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When rewriting earlier context invalidates the cached prefix, so compaction pays off only when the saved execution work over the remaining session exceeds the summarization and prefix-recompute cost."@en . _:statement526 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-degradation.context"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits useful size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds even when the context fits the nominal window; strength varies by model and task."@en . _:statement527 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-memory.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is read through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Memory recall quality is bounded by the retrieval contract and index freshness."@en . _:statement528 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.function-calling.tool-contract"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is validated against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The harness must validate calls against the contract; schema conformance does not imply authority."@en . _:statement529 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-context-protocol.function-calling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "standardizes tool discovery for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Discovering a tool through a protocol does not grant authority to use it."@en . _:statement530 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.computer-use.irreversible-effects"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises exposure to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "GUI actions often lack typed preconditions, idempotency keys, or undo, unlike designed tool APIs."@en . _:statement531 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.computer-use.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "widens the surface for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when on-screen content from untrusted sources is read as part of the agent's context."@en . _:statement532 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-harness.trajectory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces and records"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The harness, not the model, owns continuation and the authoritative trajectory record."@en . _:statement533 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-budget.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps per-trajectory"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Budgets cap spend per trajectory; cost per accepted task also depends on success rate."@en . _:statement534 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.approval-gate.human-oversight"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Effective only if approvals bind to the exact action and reviewers can judge it; see automation bias."@en . _:statement535 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.approval-gate.irreversible-effects"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "guards against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the gate is placed before dispatch of actions classified irreversible."@en . _:statement536 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.durable-execution.idempotency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Resuming after a crash between dispatch and record can re-issue a step, which is safe only for idempotent or deduplicated effects."@en . _:statement537 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deterministic-replay.durable-execution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reuses the log of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Replay is exact only if every nondeterministic input, including model samples and tool results, was recorded."@en . _:statement538 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.suspend-resume.approval-gate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables long waits for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Resumption must revalidate state and authority that may have changed during the wait."@en . _:statement539 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.suspend-resume.fencing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when a resumed worker could race a stale one that still believes it owns the trajectory."@en . _:statement540 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-agent-orchestration.coordination-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can introduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each delegation and handoff adds a point where specification or context can be lost."@en . _:statement541 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-agent-orchestration.baseline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is justified by comparison against a single-agent"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the orchestration's added cost is evaluated against a single agent at matched total compute or token budget."@en . _:statement542 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.shared-agent-state.fencing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when leases can expire while a slow agent still attempts writes."@en . _:statement543 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.correlated-agent-errors.multi-agent-orchestration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the benefit of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when agents share a base model, prompts, or retrieved evidence."@en . _:statement544 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.time-synchronization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Timestamp error translates to spatial error proportional to relative motion."@en . _:statement545 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.sensing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires extrinsic calibration from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Fused estimates inherit calibration errors between sensor frames."@en . _:statement546 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.robot-perception.observation-age"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds inference latency to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Inference time adds directly to the age of the state used by planning and control."@en . _:statement547 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recursive-filtering.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Kalman-family filters assume approximately Gaussian, well-modeled noise; violations make reported covariance overconfident."@en . _:statement548 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.slam.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Drift accumulates without loop closure or external references."@en . _:statement549 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.world-model.model-predictive-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can use as its prediction model a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Plans exploit model errors, so performance depends on accuracy in the regions the optimizer visits."@en . _:statement550 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.motion-planning.trajectory-feasibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must satisfy"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Geometric planners need a later step to enforce dynamic and actuation limits."@en . _:statement551 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-predictive-control.wcet"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires a solver WCET within its control period, i.e. a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when each optimization must finish within the control period; warm starts and horizon length trade quality for time."@en . _:statement552 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-predictive-control.feedback-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Re-solving from each new state estimate closes the loop."@en . _:statement553 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.real-time-scheduling.wcet"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes as input"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Schedulability results are valid only if WCET bounds hold on the deployed platform."@en . _:statement554 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixed-criticality.runtime-assurance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "protects the timing of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the safety monitor shares hardware with learned components that can overrun or contend for memory."@en . _:statement555 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixed-criticality.isolation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires temporal and spatial"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Shared caches, memory controllers, and buses can break isolation that address-space separation provides."@en . _:statement556 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.vla-model.observation-age"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when billion-parameter inference on robot compute runs slower than the control loop."@en . _:statement557 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.action-chunking.vla-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses, to decouple control rate from inference rate,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Chunks executed open-loop delay reaction to new observations until the next inference."@en . _:statement558 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.teleoperation-data.imitation-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies demonstrations for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Policy quality is bounded by demonstration coverage, consistency, and action-label timing."@en . _:statement559 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.domain-randomization.sim-to-real"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "improves"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the randomized ranges cover the real parameters without making the task unlearnable."@en . _:statement560 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thread-hierarchy.simt"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is executed through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Warps of a thread block are scheduled together on one streaming multiprocessor."@en . _:statement561 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-coalescing.memory-bandwidth"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "helps determine achieved"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For global-memory accesses by a warp, coalescing reduces wasted transactions; achieved bandwidth also depends on the workload and hardware."@en . _:statement562 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.async-data-movement.communication-overlap"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies within a device the idea of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Loads into on-chip memory proceed while matrix units compute on the previous tile."@en . _:statement563 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.matrix-engine-programming.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is required to reach peak"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Peak matrix throughput is available only to instructions with supported shapes, layouts, and precisions."@en . _:statement564 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thread-hierarchy.tiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "maps output tiles onto thread blocks in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each thread block typically computes one output tile staged through shared memory."@en . _:statement565 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedding-table-sharding.recommendation-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes trainable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Embedding tables exceed one device's memory and must be partitioned across devices."@en . _:statement566 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedding-table-sharding.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires all-to-all"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Lookups for a batch touch rows held on other devices, so activations are exchanged."@en . _:statement567 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.parameter-server.bounded-staleness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly operates under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workers may read parameters that lag the latest updates by a bounded number of steps."@en . _:statement568 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ranking-funnel.latency-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the per-stage cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each stage receives a share of the end-to-end budget and a candidate count it can afford to score."@en . _:statement569 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ranking-funnel.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses for candidate generation"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The first stage retrieves candidates by approximate similarity before learned ranking."@en . _:statement570 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multimodal-model.modality-encoder"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is composed with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Non-text inputs are encoded into tokens the shared backbone attends over."@en . _:statement571 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.encoder-disaggregation.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Large media inputs would otherwise block token generation for requests sharing the batch."@en . _:statement572 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.auto-parallelization.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "derives"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The compiler's cost model must reflect the target device mesh's compute and link bandwidths for the chosen plan to be competitive."@en . _:statement573 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sharding-propagation.auto-parallelization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when users supply seed annotations and the compiler propagates layouts through operators with known sharding rules."@en . _:statement574 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sharding-propagation.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "inserts"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Collectives are inserted wherever an operator's input layouts differ from what its sharded implementation requires."@en . _:statement575 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-mesh.sharding-propagation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is defined over the axes of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tensor dimensions are sharded over named mesh axes, so mesh shape bounds which layouts are expressible."@en . _:statement576 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.function-transformations.autodiff"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes as a transform"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when programs are pure functions so differentiation composes with vectorization and compilation."@en . _:statement577 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.function-transformations.tracing-jit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For transformations implemented over a traced intermediate representation, such as JAX transformations; this is not a requirement for every transformation implementation."@en . _:statement578 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.task-actor-runtime.rl-rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "orchestrates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when rollout workers, trainers, and reward models run as separate stateful actors exchanging data through the runtime."@en . _:statement579 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.single-vs-multi-controller.task-actor-runtime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a design axis of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A single controller simplifies heterogeneous pipelines but must keep per-step dispatch off the critical path to scale."@en . _:statement580 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.analytical-performance-model.roofline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "composes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Per-operator roofline bounds are summed or overlapped with communication and queueing terms under stated overlap assumptions."@en . _:statement581 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.analytical-performance-model.alpha-beta-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "composes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Communication terms use per-collective latency and bandwidth parameters measured or specified for the target fabric."@en . _:statement582 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-fidelity.analytical-performance-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds trust in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Predictions are credible only within the configurations where validation error against measurement has been reported."@en . _:statement583 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.performance-simulation.analytical-performance-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades speed for detail against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Simulation captures contention and scheduling effects closed forms omit, at much higher evaluation cost per configuration."@en . _:statement584 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.post-training-quantization.quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the calibration set is representative of deployment inputs; otherwise chosen ranges misfit and accuracy drops."@en . _:statement585 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-only-quantization.post-training-quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is commonly produced by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For GPTQ- and AWQ-class methods applied after training."@en . _:statement586 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-outliers.quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can degrade the accuracy of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to per-tensor activation quantization of large transformers; per-channel handling or scale migration mitigates it."@en . _:statement587 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-quantization.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Capacity gains translate into throughput only when serving is KV-memory-bound and attention kernels read the quantized format directly."@en . _:statement588 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.nm-sparsity.matrix-unit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires support in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Speedup materializes only on matrix engines with sparse-operand instructions for the specific N:M ratio."@en . _:statement589 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.nm-sparsity.sparsity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Constrains sparsity to a fixed per-group pattern so hardware can index nonzeros with small metadata."@en . _:statement590 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-offload.prefix-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases the capacity and hit rate of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Pays off when reload time from host or SSD is shorter than recomputing the prefix's prefill."@en . _:statement591 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pd-disaggregation.kv-cache-transfer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Disaggregation is profitable only when KV transfer between pools is faster than the decode-latency gain it buys."@en . _:statement592 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compound-ai-system.model-routing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "composes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the program chooses among models per step, so routing decisions are optimized against end-to-end quality and cost."@en . _:statement593 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compound-ai-system.rag"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a common stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When retrieval and generation run as separately served and tuned components."@en . _:statement594 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lm-program-optimization.compound-ai-system"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tunes the prompts and weights of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires a declared program structure and an end-to-end metric evaluable on a training set of inputs."@en . _:statement595 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-adapter-serving.lora"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "serves many instances of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when adapters share one frozen base model so base weights are loaded once and only low-rank factors differ per request."@en . _:statement596 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-adapter-serving.multi-model-serving"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when hosted variants differ only by adapters, letting requests for different variants share one batch."@en . _:statement597 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-vector-index.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Best recall-latency trade-off when the full graph and vectors fit in memory."@en . _:statement598 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantized-vector-index.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Preferred when memory per vector is the binding constraint, accepting lower recall or a reranking pass on exact vectors."@en . _:statement599 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantized-vector-index.graph-vector-index"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades memory against recall versus"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Compared at equal query latency on the same corpus and recall target."@en . _:statement600 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.filtered-vector-search.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly runs on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the filter leaves too many candidates for exact search."@en . _:statement601 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.index-freshness.graph-vector-index"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "update and delete cost bounds attainable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Deletes and in-place updates degrade graph connectivity unless repaired or periodically rebuilt."@en . _:statement602 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.numerical-nondeterminism.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Bitwise reproducibility requires fixing kernels, reduction order, parallel layout, and hardware, not only random seeds."@en . _:statement603 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.numerical-nondeterminism.accumulation-precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the magnitude of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Order-dependent rounding differences grow as accumulation precision falls and reduction length grows."@en . _:statement604 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-invariance.numerical-nondeterminism"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes the batch-composition source of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Achieved by fixing reduction strategies independent of batch size, typically at some kernel throughput cost."@en . _:statement605 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-invariance.rl-rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "aligns inference numerics with training for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Matters when rollout log-probabilities from the serving engine are reused in on-policy training objectives."@en . _:statement606 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.elastic-training.checkpoint-resharding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds whenever a restart changes world size or parallel layout relative to the saved checkpoint."@en . _:statement607 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.checkpoint-resharding.state-sharding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "remaps between layouts of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires checkpoints that record each shard's global tensor coordinates rather than rank-local layouts."@en . _:statement608 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-data-processing.deduplication"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "executes at corpus scale"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when the corpus exceeds one machine, so near-duplicate detection is partitioned and shuffled across workers."@en . _:statement609 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-data-processing.feature-backfill"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "executes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Backfills over long histories run as bounded batch jobs whose logic must match the serving feature definition."@en . _:statement610 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distributed-tracing.observability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides request-level evidence within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires trace context to be propagated across every service and asynchronous hop the request traverses."@en . _:statement611 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-call-tracing.distributed-tracing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Adds model-specific span attributes such as token counts, model version, and cost under a shared semantic convention."@en . _:statement612 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-call-tracing.agent-harness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "instruments"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each loop iteration, model call, and tool call is emitted as a child span of the task's root span."@en . _:statement613 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.evaluation-harness.benchmark"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Comparability holds only when prompt templates, decoding settings, and scorer versions are pinned with the results."@en . _:statement614 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.evaluation-harness.experiment-tracking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records results into"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when each run logs checkpoint, suite version, and configuration alongside scores."@en . _:statement615 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.energy-measurement.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the reported value of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reported energy is comparable only across measurements with the same boundary, sensor class, and sampling rate."@en . _:statement616 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.idle-dynamic-power.energy-measurement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets attribution rules for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Matters when hardware is shared or partly idle, so idle power must be charged by an explicit allocation rule."@en . _:statement617 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.he-inference.confidential-computing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades compute overhead for hardware trust versus"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Homomorphic encryption avoids trusting server hardware but costs orders of magnitude more compute than enclave execution."@en . _:statement618 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.secure-computation-inference.he-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades communication for computation versus"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Hybrid protocols use homomorphic encryption for linear layers and secret sharing or garbled circuits for nonlinear ones."@en . _:statement619 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.secure-computation-inference.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prevents input disclosure in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Protects inputs during computation but not leakage from the revealed outputs themselves."@en . _:statement620 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.red-teaming.jailbreak"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "discovers"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Coverage depends on attacker diversity and budget, so finding no failures does not establish their absence."@en . _:statement621 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.red-teaming.threat-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must be scoped by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The adversary capabilities, interfaces, and harms probed must be declared for findings to be interpretable."@en . _:statement622 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dangerous-capability-eval.frontier-safety-framework"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies the threshold tests that trigger safeguards in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the framework ties stated capability thresholds to required mitigations before further training or deployment."@en . _:statement623 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dangerous-capability-eval.red-teaming"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses elicitation from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Capability estimates are lower bounds unless elicitation, including expert red teaming, is strong."@en . _:statement624 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.efficiency-frontier.pareto-frontier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The objectives are model quality and a stated cost measure on a stated platform."@en . _:statement625 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.energy-per-inference.energy-efficiency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the per-input reciprocal of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both are measured within the same declared system boundary."@en . _:statement626 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.requirements.placement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determine feasible"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Latency, privacy, connectivity, and power requirements rule out some device, edge, or datacenter placements."@en . _:statement627 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.release-gate.baseline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compares candidates against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A candidate advances only if it beats or matches the incumbent baseline on the gated metrics under the same protocol."@en . _:statement628 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.baseline.online-experiment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "serves as the control arm of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The incumbent system or model is served to the control group during the experiment."@en . _:statement629 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.benchmark.workload"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is only meaningful for a stated"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Benchmark results transfer only to deployments whose input, request, and model distributions match the benchmark workload."@en . _:statement630 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workload-trace.workload"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is characterized empirically using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The trace window covers the arrival, size, and mix variation that matters for the decision being evaluated."@en . _:statement631 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reward-model.reward-hacking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can invite"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Policies optimized hard against a learned reward model can exploit its errors, scoring higher while true quality falls."@en . _:statement632 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.monitoring.sli"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "computes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Monitoring records the events and counts over the population and window the indicator definition specifies."@en . _:statement633 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sli.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly measures, as a percentile,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Latency indicators are computed as a high percentile over a stated request population and window."@en . _:statement634 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sli.availability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly measures"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Availability indicators count successful requests or uptime over a defined population and window."@en . _:statement635 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.error-budget.release-gate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can freeze releases through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Teams agree that an exhausted budget blocks or slows promotion of new versions."@en . _:statement636 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.error-budget.alerting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets burn-rate thresholds for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Alerts fire when the budget is being consumed faster than the window allows."@en . _:statement637 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.latency-budget.reasoning-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the intermediate tokens allowed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Interactive requests must answer within a fixed end-to-end latency target, so extra reasoning tokens consume the same budget."@en . _:statement638 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-recompute.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the peak"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Retained activations dominate training memory and spare compute is available to recompute them."@en . _:statement639 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds per-request state to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Autoregressive serving retains keys and values for every in-flight token; the term grows with batch size and context length."@en . _:statement640 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workload-trace.arrival-burstiness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reveals the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Inter-arrival times are recorded at fine enough resolution to show bursts rather than only averages."@en . _:statement641 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.performance-simulation.workload-trace"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replays"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Trace-driven simulation is used to compare scheduling, capacity, or serving policies on realistic demand."@en . _:statement642 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-sensitive-decision.calibration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires calibrated probabilities from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Expected-cost thresholds are computed from predicted probabilities, which must match observed frequencies on the deployment distribution."@en . _:statement643 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-sensitive-decision.selective-prediction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the abstention threshold in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Deferring to a human or fallback has a known cost that can be compared with the expected cost of each error type."@en . _:statement644 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tokenization.context"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets how much text fits in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a fixed window, a tokenizer that produces more tokens per word admits less source text."@en . _:statement645 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.linear-model.tree-ensemble"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both are standard choices for tabular supervised prediction; trees capture interactions linear scores need engineered features for."@en . _:statement646 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tree-ensemble.features"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "splits on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Trees operate on tabular features without requiring scaling; feature engineering still determines what interactions are available."@en . _:statement647 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-method.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "has a quadratic training"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Exact training forms or stores an n-by-n kernel matrix, so memory grows with the square of the training set size unless approximated."@en . _:statement648 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-method.inductive-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "encodes its inductive bias through the choice of kernel in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The kernel function fixes which similarity structure the model can exploit."@en . _:statement649 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.nearest-neighbor.embeddings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "searches over"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Neighbors are found by distance in a learned or engineered vector space whose quality determines result quality."@en . _:statement650 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neural-network.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "spends most compute in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Dense and attention layers dominate; small or irregular layers can be bound by other operations."@en . _:statement651 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.convolution.inductive-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "encodes translation equivariance and locality as an"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Weights are shared across positions, so the model assumes local patterns recur across the input."@en . _:statement652 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.position-encoding.context"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the usable length of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Without extension, sequences longer than the positions seen in training degrade quality."@en . _:statement653 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transformer.normalization-layer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stabilizes residual blocks with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each block applies layer or RMS normalization around attention and feed-forward sublayers."@en . _:statement654 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transformer.position-encoding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "injects order with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Attention alone is permutation equivariant, so the architecture adds absolute, relative, or rotary positions."@en . _:statement655 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transformer.neural-network"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The architecture is a differentiable composition trained by gradient descent."@en . _:statement656 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ranking-funnel.recommendation-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs in its ranking stages a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Candidate generation narrows the set before costly deep ranking models score it within the latency budget."@en . _:statement657 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.depthwise-separable-convolution.convolution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a factorized kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A standard convolution is split into depthwise and pointwise steps."@en . _:statement658 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.depthwise-separable-convolution.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cuts parameter storage in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Parameter memory is a significant share of the deployed footprint, as on mobile and embedded targets."@en . _:statement659 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recurrence.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both mix information across sequence positions; recurrence keeps fixed state but serializes time, attention parallelizes but grows cost with length."@en . _:statement660 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.normalization-layer.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Deep networks whose activation scales would otherwise drift with depth or batch composition."@en . _:statement661 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-routing.mixture-of-experts"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the gating component of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The layer routes each token to a small subset of experts."@en . _:statement662 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-capacity.mixture-of-experts"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a buffer-size parameter of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Experts process fixed-size per-batch buffers so computation shapes stay static."@en . _:statement663 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-capacity.all-to-all"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases padded token volume in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A higher capacity factor allocates larger per-expert buffers that are exchanged whether or not they are full."@en . _:statement664 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.load-balancing-loss.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces hot-expert imbalance behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Under expert parallelism, an overloaded expert's device finishes last and holds back the step."@en . _:statement665 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.load-balancing-loss.mixture-of-experts"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an auxiliary objective in training of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Routing is learned and can otherwise collapse onto a few experts."@en . _:statement666 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.active-parameters.training-compute-estimate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the parameter count used in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For conditionally computed models, the six-operations-per-parameter-per-token estimate uses active rather than total parameters."@en . _:statement667 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.early-exit.calibration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on confidence quality assessed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Exit decisions threshold an intermediate confidence; overconfident exits return wrong answers early."@en . _:statement668 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.early-exit.energy-per-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces average"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Many inputs are easy enough to exit at an early classifier and the exit overhead is small."@en . _:statement669 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sliding-window-attention.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a restricted kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each position attends only within a window or fixed sparse pattern."@en . _:statement670 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sliding-window-attention.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "During decoding only the most recent window of keys and values must be retained."@en . _:statement671 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.linear-attention.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kernelized variant of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Softmax similarity is replaced by a feature-map inner product, changing model quality."@en . _:statement672 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.linear-attention.sliding-window-attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both reduce attention cost growth for long sequences, trading different quality losses."@en . _:statement673 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-space-model.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both serve as the sequence-mixing layer; state-space layers trade exact long-range lookup for linear cost and fixed state."@en . _:statement674 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-space-model.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "eliminates the growing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Inference carries a constant-size state per layer instead of keys and values for every prior token."@en . _:statement675 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.grouped-query-attention.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Multiple query heads share each key-value head."@en . _:statement676 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.grouped-query-attention.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Decode is bound by reading the KV cache, so fewer key-value heads cut bytes read per token."@en . _:statement677 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-extension.context"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends the usable length of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model is fine-tuned briefly on longer sequences after rescaling positions; quality at the new length must be checked."@en . _:statement678 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-serialization.unsafe-deserialization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines exposure to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Executable formats such as pickle run code on load; data-only formats such as safetensors do not."@en . _:statement679 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-serialization.cold-start"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets weight-loading time in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Memory-mappable, zero-copy formats load faster than formats requiring full deserialization."@en . _:statement680 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-conversion.model-exchange-format"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly passes through a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training and target runtimes differ and both support the exchange format's operator set."@en . _:statement681 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-export.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces a deployable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The artifact represents supported operators, parameters, and input constraints for its target runtime."@en . _:statement682 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-export.tracing-jit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can obtain its graph through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In export workflows that obtain a graph by tracing, such as JAX export; tracing and lowering may precede execution on another machine."@en . _:statement683 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-signature.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the interface declared in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The artifact records input and output names, types, and shapes."@en . _:statement684 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-server.model-signature"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "validates requests against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The server decodes and checks requests using the artifact's declared inputs and outputs."@en . _:statement685 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.vla-model.multimodal-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model consumes images and language and emits actions through a shared backbone."@en . _:statement686 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multimodal-model.transformer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly uses as its shared backbone a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Encoded modality tokens are processed together with text tokens by a transformer."@en . _:statement687 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.encoder-disaggregation.modality-encoder"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "schedules separately the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Image or audio encoding is heavy enough to stall token generation if co-scheduled."@en . _:statement688 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-compaction.context-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Older material is summarized so relevant information stays short and near the end of the window."@en . _:statement689 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reranking.context-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates position effects behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reranked evidence is placed where models use it best, near the start or end of the context."@en . _:statement690 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.autodiff.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "retains forward activations, increasing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reverse-mode differentiation stores intermediates from the forward pass for use in the backward pass."@en . _:statement691 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor-layout.memory-coalescing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines whether accesses achieve"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Strides decide whether adjacent threads touch adjacent addresses."@en . _:statement692 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixed-precision.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces activation and gradient bytes in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Activations and gradients are stored in 16-bit formats while a master copy of weights stays in higher precision."@en . _:statement693 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixed-precision.matrix-unit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gains throughput from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The matrix engine supports the reduced input formats with wider accumulation."@en . _:statement694 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.computation-graph.tensor"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "passes between operations a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Edges carry tensors whose shapes and types the graph records."@en . _:statement695 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor.precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "carries an element type drawn from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each tensor records a numerical format that kernels must support."@en . _:statement696 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compilation.computation-graph"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes as input a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The compiler needs a captured graph rather than one operation at a time."@en . _:statement697 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.eager-execution.fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "forecloses cross-operation"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each operation is launched as the host issues it, so no compiler sees neighboring operations."@en . _:statement698 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.io-aware-attention.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exactly computes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The result matches standard softmax attention up to floating-point reordering."@en . _:statement699 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.io-aware-attention.tiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is built on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Query, key, and value blocks are staged through on-chip memory with an online softmax."@en . _:statement700 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.convolution-lowering.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase, through duplicated patches,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "im2col-style lowering copies overlapping input patches into a larger matrix."@en . _:statement701 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-library.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides tuned"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Vendor libraries supply GEMM and convolution kernels selected per shape and precision."@en . _:statement702 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-library.kernel-dsl"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both supply operator kernels; libraries cover common shapes, DSLs let engineers write fused or novel kernels."@en . _:statement703 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compilation.intermediate-representation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Graph, tensor, and loop-level representations carry the program between passes."@en . _:statement704 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sharding-propagation.intermediate-representation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "propagates layouts through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sharding annotations are attached to operations in the compiler IR."@en . _:statement705 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.autotuning.profiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures candidates with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Candidate schedules are compiled and timed on the target, or a cost model is trained from such measurements."@en . _:statement706 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.autotuning.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a search stage within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The compiler exposes a schedule space whose performance is hard to predict analytically."@en . _:statement707 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-dsl.on-chip-sram"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lets the compiler manage"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Programs are written over blocks while the compiler allocates shared memory and registers."@en . _:statement708 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-dsl.fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables custom"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Engineers can write a single kernel that combines operations no library provides fused."@en . _:statement709 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-planning.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a pass within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Static shapes let the compiler compute tensor lifetimes ahead of execution."@en . _:statement710 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-planning.caching-allocator"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both manage device buffers; static planning needs known lifetimes, caching allocation handles dynamic shapes."@en . _:statement711 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-streams.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "hides, through asynchronous enqueue, exposed"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The host can run ahead of the device, so launch work overlaps device execution until queues drain."@en . _:statement712 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-replay.device-streams"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is captured from and replayed on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Work enqueued on a stream is recorded as a graph and replayed as one launch."@en . _:statement713 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.caching-allocator.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "avoids synchronizing allocation calls in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Freed blocks are reused instead of calling the device allocator, which can synchronize the host."@en . _:statement714 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-replay.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces per-step launch overhead in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Decode steps launch many small kernels with static shapes, so host overhead is a large share of step time."@en . _:statement715 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loss-scaling.numerical-stability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps small gradients representable, improving"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reduced-precision gradient formats would otherwise underflow; overflow is detected and the step skipped."@en . _:statement716 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.block-scaled-format.activation-outliers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the range damage from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A shared scale per small block confines an outlier's effect to its own block."@en . _:statement717 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization.block-scaled-format"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can encode values in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Hardware or kernels support the block-scaled element and scale formats."@en . _:statement718 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.matrix-unit.accumulation-precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fixes the available"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The matrix engine implements specific accumulation formats for each input format."@en . _:statement719 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.function-transformations.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes as a transform"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Pure array functions are traced and handed to an XLA-style compiler."@en . _:statement720 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.single-vs-multi-controller.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets where per-step dispatch cost falls in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "One controller issuing work to many devices must keep dispatch asynchronous and off the critical path."@en . _:statement721 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thread-hierarchy.on-chip-sram"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shares within a thread block"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Threads of a block cooperate through shared memory sized per block."@en . _:statement722 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thread-hierarchy.memory-coalescing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines, through thread-to-address mapping,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Adjacent threads of a warp should access adjacent addresses."@en . _:statement723 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-chip-sram.occupancy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Shared memory and registers per block limit how many warps can be resident."@en . _:statement724 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thread-hierarchy.occupancy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets, through block size and per-thread resources,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Block shape and register or shared-memory use determine resident warps per multiprocessor."@en . _:statement725 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.async-data-movement.on-chip-sram"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stages operands into"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Bulk copies land in shared memory while compute proceeds on the previous buffer."@en . _:statement726 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.async-data-movement.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises matrix-engine"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The kernel would otherwise stall its matrix units waiting on loads."@en . _:statement727 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.matrix-engine-programming.matrix-unit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "issues instructions to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Fragments are loaded in the shapes and layouts the unit accepts."@en . _:statement728 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.matrix-engine-programming.tensor-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires specific operand"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Matrix instructions accept only particular fragment layouts, so data may need rearrangement."@en . _:statement729 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-invariance.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables bitwise-reproducible serving within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Kernels use fixed reduction strategies independent of batch size and co-batched requests."@en . _:statement730 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.systolic-array.accelerator-execution-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Processing elements pass operands to neighbors under a fixed schedule."@en . _:statement731 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.simt.accelerator-execution-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Thread groups issue the same instruction and divergent paths serialize."@en . _:statement732 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.matrix-unit.accelerator-execution-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a functional unit within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The accelerator pairs matrix engines with vector or scalar units."@en . _:statement733 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hbm.memory-hierarchy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the device-memory level of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The accelerator uses stacked DRAM as off-chip device memory."@en . _:statement734 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-chip-sram.memory-hierarchy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the fastest managed level of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The platform exposes caches, shared memory, or scratchpads near compute."@en . _:statement735 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-device-interconnect.memory-offloading"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the throughput of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Offloaded optimizer state, parameters, or activations cross the host link every step."@en . _:statement736 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-device-interconnect.kv-cache-offload"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds reload rate in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Offloaded KV blocks return to device memory over the host link on reuse."@en . _:statement737 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-delivery.rack-power-density"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Facility and rack feeds, conversion stages, and breakers limit sustained draw per rack."@en . _:statement738 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-delivery.silent-data-corruption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause, through insufficient voltage margin,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Droop or marginal supply under heavy load leaves circuits below the voltage they need for correct timing."@en . _:statement739 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.systolic-array.data-movement-energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operands are reused across processing elements instead of being refetched from register files or memory."@en . _:statement740 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dataflow.locality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Local storage cannot hold every operand, so the schedule chooses which data is reused in place."@en . _:statement741 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.systolic-array.dataflow"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "operates under a chosen"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The array keeps one operand stationary, such as weights, while others stream."@en . _:statement742 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.domain-specific-architecture.energy-efficiency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Target operations dominate the workload and are supported by the specialized hardware."@en . _:statement743 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hbm.memory-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets device"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Stack count and stack height fix the capacity attached to each accelerator."@en . _:statement744 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hbm.memory-wall"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "narrows, without closing,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Stacking and wide interfaces raise bandwidth, though compute still grows faster across generations."@en . _:statement745 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-wall.model-flops-utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "depresses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Memory-bound phases such as decode cannot feed the arithmetic units at peak rate."@en . _:statement746 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.scale-up-interconnect.network-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "forms the fastest tier of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The cluster topology is hierarchical, with a node or rack domain joined by a slower scale-out fabric."@en . _:statement747 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.coherent-interconnect.host-device-interconnect"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The link adds hardware coherence and load-store memory semantics over a host-device physical layer."@en . _:statement748 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.coherent-interconnect.kv-cache-offload"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can provide a pooled tier for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Attached or pooled memory is cheaper than device memory and its higher latency can be overlapped with compute."@en . _:statement749 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-transfer.peer-to-peer-transfer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "moves state with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Direct device or NIC transfers avoid staging KV blocks through host memory."@en . _:statement750 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rdma.peer-to-peer-transfer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can read and write device memory through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The NIC and driver support direct access to accelerator memory."@en . _:statement751 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tdp.rack-power-density"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets, with accelerators per rack,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Racks are provisioned for the sustained power of the chips they hold."@en . _:statement752 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tdp.dark-silicon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the fraction of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Transistor counts grow while the power envelope does not."@en . _:statement753 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-capping.dvfs"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces caps through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The device lowers clocks and voltage when measured power exceeds the cap."@en . _:statement754 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thermal-dynamics.dvfs"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "throttles through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Thermal controls lower frequency and voltage when temperature limits are approached."@en . _:statement755 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.microcontroller.on-device-runtime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs models through a lightweight"@en ; taxmeta:condition "No operating system or virtual memory is available, so the runtime is statically linked and memory-planned."@en . _:statement756 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.edge-npu.heterogeneous-soc"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is one block of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The SoC exposes the NPU alongside CPU, GPU, and DSP under shared memory and power."@en . _:statement757 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-runtime.heterogeneous-soc"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "delegates operators across"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The runtime partitions supported operators onto the NPU, GPU, or DSP and falls back to CPU."@en . _:statement758 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.edge-npu.energy-per-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model's operators and precisions are supported, so inference avoids CPU fallback."@en . _:statement759 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-aware-nas.on-device-memory-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "searches within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The search treats flash and SRAM limits as hard constraints on candidate models."@en . _:statement760 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-memory-budget.on-device-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training must fit weights, activations, and update state in on-chip memory."@en . _:statement761 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recommendation-model.embedding-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "serves hot rows from an"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Lookups are skewed so a small set of rows receives most accesses."@en . _:statement762 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedding-cache.storage-tiering"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Rows are placed across accelerator memory, host memory, and SSD by access frequency."@en . _:statement763 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-parallel.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "divides per-device parameter"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each stage holds only its layers' parameters and their state."@en . _:statement764 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-parallel.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is one dimension of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Pipeline stages are combined with data and tensor parallelism across nodes."@en . _:statement765 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-sharding.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gathers and scatters state through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sharded parameters are all-gathered before use and gradients reduce-scattered after."@en . _:statement766 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-sharding.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "divides per-worker"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Parameters, gradients, or optimizer state are partitioned instead of replicated."@en . _:statement767 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fat-tree.network-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The fabric is built from tiers of commodity switches."@en . _:statement768 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rail-optimized.network-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Same-index accelerators across nodes share a leaf switch."@en . _:statement769 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-parallel.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is one dimension of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "MoE layers place experts across devices alongside data and tensor parallelism."@en . _:statement770 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequence-parallel.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is one dimension of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Long-sequence training adds a sequence axis to the parallel mapping."@en . _:statement771 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequence-parallel.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exchanges keys and values through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Blocks of keys and values circulate among devices while attention is computed."@en . _:statement772 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-accumulation.pipeline-bubble"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks, through more microbatches,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "More microbatches per optimizer step fill the pipeline relative to the number of stages."@en . _:statement773 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-bubble.model-flops-utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Devices idle during fill and drain while their peak FLOPs still count in the denominator."@en . _:statement774 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tree-allreduce.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an algorithm for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Participants are arranged in trees or hierarchical groups."@en . _:statement775 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.all-to-all.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Every participant sends distinct data to every other."@en . _:statement776 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.alpha-beta-model.tree-allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "predicts the cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Link latency and bandwidth are roughly uniform and contention is ignored."@en . _:statement777 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-compression.time-to-train"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training is communication-bound and compression preserves convergence at the chosen ratio."@en . _:statement778 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-compression.sparsity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can transmit only top-magnitude gradients, using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Residuals are accumulated locally so dropped values are sent later."@en . _:statement779 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.leader-election.lease"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "holds leadership through a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The leader renews a time-bounded grant so a failed leader's authority lapses."@en . _:statement780 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lease.replication-failover"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables timed"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A standby can take over once the failed holder's lease has expired."@en . _:statement781 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.leader-election.fencing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A deposed leader may still act; resources must reject its stale epoch."@en . _:statement782 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federated-averaging.secure-aggregation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can combine updates through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The server must not see individual client updates."@en . _:statement783 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.client-sampling.federated-averaging"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the per-round selection step of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each round samples a subset of available clients."@en . _:statement784 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federation-setting.device-heterogeneity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines exposure to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Cross-device federations span varied hardware and runtimes; cross-silo ones are few and uniform."@en . _:statement785 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federation-setting.failure-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Cross-device clients drop out routinely, while cross-silo participants are expected to stay available."@en . _:statement786 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedding-table-sharding.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the model-parallel part of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Dense layers are data-parallel while embedding tables are partitioned."@en . _:statement787 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.parameter-server.ring-allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both aggregate gradients for data-parallel training; servers suit sparse or asynchronous updates, all-reduce suits dense synchronous ones."@en . _:statement788 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recommendation-model.parameter-server"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly trains sparse tables through a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Updates touch only the rows looked up in each batch."@en . _:statement789 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.auto-parallelization.analytical-performance-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "ranks plans with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The search evaluates candidate partitionings with a cost model of compute and communication."@en . _:statement790 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-topology.device-mesh"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the axis alignment of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The busiest parallel axis is mapped onto the fastest links."@en . _:statement791 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hybrid-parallel.device-mesh"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "assigns parallel dimensions to the axes of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each parallelism dimension corresponds to a named mesh axis."@en . _:statement792 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pue.warehouse-scale-computer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures facility overhead of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "IT and total facility energy are metered over the same period."@en . _:statement793 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.liquid-cooling.pue"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Cooling energy is a large share of facility overhead and liquid loops need less fan and chiller work."@en . _:statement794 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.liquid-cooling.thermal-dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates throttling in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Air cooling cannot hold chips below their thermal limits at the target power."@en . _:statement795 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-oversubscription.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "More servers share provisioned power capacity because their peaks rarely coincide."@en . _:statement796 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.warehouse-scale-computer.power-oversubscription"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provisions power through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Fleet-wide power measurements show aggregate peaks below summed nameplate."@en . _:statement797 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.warehouse-scale-computer.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is designed against the cost model of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When facility, hardware, and software choices are evaluated as one cost model over the fleet's lifetime."@en . _:statement798 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lossless-fabric.congestion-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Priority flow control alone spreads congestion and pauses; end-to-end rate control keeps queues short."@en . _:statement799 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lossless-fabric.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can inflate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Pause frames cause head-of-line blocking that delays unrelated flows under congestion."@en . _:statement800 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.congestion-control.performance-interference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates network"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Jobs share switch queues on a common fabric."@en . _:statement801 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rail-optimized.scale-up-interconnect"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies for cross-rail traffic on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Traffic between different rails is forwarded through the node's scale-up domain."@en . _:statement802 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.in-network-reduction.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces link traffic and latency of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Switches support aggregation for the data types and reduction operations used."@en . _:statement803 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.in-network-reduction.ring-allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both perform all-reduce; switch aggregation shortens paths while rings need only end-host support."@en . _:statement804 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.parallel-file-system.object-storage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both serve shared training data and checkpoints; file systems offer lower latency, object stores cheaper scalable capacity."@en . _:statement805 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.checkpoint-io.parallel-file-system"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly writes to a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sharded checkpoints are written concurrently by many ranks."@en . _:statement806 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.object-storage.dataset-storage-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "favors large sequential shards in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Per-request latency is high, so many small reads are slow."@en . _:statement807 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.async-checkpointing.checkpoint-io"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "hides the training stall from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A fast snapshot to host memory lets persistence proceed in the background."@en . _:statement808 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.checkpoint-io.checkpoint-interval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the write-cost input to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The optimal interval scales with the square root of checkpoint cost times MTBF."@en . _:statement809 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-parallel.gang-scheduling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Synchronous replicas cannot start or step until every worker holds its allocation."@en . _:statement810 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gang-scheduling.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase job"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Large jobs wait until enough resources are free at once."@en . _:statement811 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bin-packing.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Jobs can share nodes without violating resource or isolation constraints."@en . _:statement812 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bin-packing.performance-interference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can increase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Dense co-location puts jobs on shared caches, memory bandwidth, and links."@en . _:statement813 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-tenancy.gpu-partitioning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can share devices through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tenant workloads are too small to saturate whole accelerators."@en . _:statement814 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.resource-quota.multi-tenancy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a policy within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tenants share a cluster under stated limits and guarantees."@en . _:statement815 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.resource-quota.dominant-resource-fairness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both divide shared capacity among tenants; quotas are static limits, DRF adapts shares to demand."@en . _:statement816 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gpu-partitioning.performance-interference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates, with hardware partitions,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Partitions give each workload dedicated memory and compute slices; time-slicing does not."@en . _:statement817 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.elastic-training.spot-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes usable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training continues while preempted workers leave and replacements join."@en . _:statement818 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ridge-point.roofline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the corner of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both ceilings refer to the same device and memory level."@en . _:statement819 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-wall.ridge-point"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "moves to higher intensity the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Peak compute grows faster than bandwidth across hardware generations."@en . _:statement820 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.parallel-efficiency.strong-scaling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Problem size is fixed while resources grow."@en . _:statement821 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.parallel-efficiency.weak-scaling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Work per resource is fixed while resources and problem size grow."@en . _:statement822 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weak-scaling.strong-scaling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both describe how to use added resources; one grows the problem, the other fixes it."@en . _:statement823 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.critical-batch-size.weak-scaling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds useful data-parallel"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Growing the global batch with worker count stops reducing optimization steps beyond the critical batch size."@en . _:statement824 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.capacity-planning.littles-law"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sizes concurrency with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Arrival rate and time in system are measured for a stable operating point."@en . _:statement825 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batching.latency-throughput-curve"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "moves the operating point along"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Larger batches raise throughput while adding batch-formation and execution delay."@en . _:statement826 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.queueing.latency-throughput-curve"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bends upward the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Utilization approaches service capacity, so waiting time grows sharply."@en . _:statement827 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.arrival-burstiness.capacity-planning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises headroom required by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Capacity is provisioned for bursts at the target latency percentile, not mean load."@en . _:statement828 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-fidelity.performance-simulation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds trust in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Simulator predictions are validated against measurement on reference workloads."@en . _:statement829 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-fidelity.profiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires measurements from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Validation compares predictions with profiled or benchmarked execution."@en . _:statement830 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.amdahls-law.parallel-efficiency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The unparallelized fraction is fixed while workers are added to a fixed-size problem."@en . _:statement831 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dataset-storage-layout.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the read and decode cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Record grouping, compression, and columnar layout decide how many bytes each batch must fetch and decode."@en . _:statement832 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dark-silicon.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds sustained all-unit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Power and thermal limits prevent every unit from running at full frequency at once."@en . _:statement833 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fat-tree.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers network cost within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Identical commodity switches replace large high-radix core switches at equal bisection bandwidth."@en . _:statement834 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lineage.data-dependency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reveals undeclared and underused"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Lineage must be captured at the feature or column level and compared against what the model actually consumes."@en . _:statement835 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-contract.data-dependency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes explicit and versions"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when every model input is consumed through a declared, owned contract rather than an ad hoc signal."@en . _:statement836 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sliced-evaluation.entanglement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes subset regressions caused by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when a change to one input or hyperparameter is evaluated on the same fixed slices before and after."@en . _:statement837 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.configuration-management.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "pins the settings required for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when every run records the exact reviewed configuration version it executed."@en . _:statement838 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.configuration-management.rollback"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes configuration changes revertible through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when configuration is versioned and deployed through the same pipeline as code."@en . _:statement839 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-store.ml-platform"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a shared component of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Typical when an organization centralizes feature definitions for many teams."@en . _:statement840 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-registry.ml-platform"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a shared component of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Typical when promotion and deployment are standardized across teams."@en . _:statement841 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.infrastructure-as-code.ml-platform"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provisions repeatable environments for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when platform compute, storage, and services are declared in versioned files."@en . _:statement842 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-roles.incident-response"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "assigns on-call ownership in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when data, model, and platform owners are named for each production model."@en . _:statement843 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.undeclared-consumers.technical-debt"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "add hidden coupling to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds whenever model outputs are consumed without access control or registration."@en . _:statement844 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.authorization.undeclared-consumers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prevents unregistered"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when prediction endpoints and output tables require granted access per consumer."@en . _:statement845 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.production-readiness.technical-debt"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scores accumulated"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The rubric must be applied repeatedly to the same system to track change over time."@en . _:statement846 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.production-readiness.integration-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires evidence from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for the infrastructure and pipeline sections of the rubric."@en . _:statement847 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.supervised-fine-tuning.supervised-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when training uses input-output demonstrations as targets."@en . _:statement848 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.supervised-fine-tuning.transfer-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when a pretrained model is adapted to a new task or behavior."@en . _:statement849 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rlhf.supervised-fine-tuning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "starts from a policy produced by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for the standard InstructGPT-style pipeline; some recipes skip or shorten the SFT stage."@en . _:statement850 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.synthetic-data.supervised-fine-tuning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies instruction data for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when generated demonstrations are filtered for quality and diversity."@en . _:statement851 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.incremental-training.catastrophic-forgetting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when new data differs from the original distribution and old data is not replayed."@en . _:statement852 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.incremental-training.experience-replay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly mixes in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when earlier data is retained and permitted for reuse."@en . _:statement853 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-retention.experience-replay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits which past examples are available to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when retention or deletion policies remove raw training data after a fixed period."@en . _:statement854 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.process-reward-model.reward-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can supply the training signal of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When step scores train the policy rather than only guide inference-time search."@en . _:statement855 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rlvr.reinforcement-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when rewards come from programmatic outcome checks."@en . _:statement856 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rlvr.rl-rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires many sampled responses from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for policy-gradient training where rewards are computed on generated outputs."@en . _:statement857 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.verifier.reward-hacking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "imperfect checks can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when a policy or search is optimized against a verifier with exploitable false positives."@en . _:statement858 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.best-of-n.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "multiplies generation cost in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Generation cost scales roughly linearly with n unless prefixes are shared."@en . _:statement859 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.best-of-n.self-consistency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both spend parallel samples; best-of-n needs a scorer while self-consistency needs answers that can be voted on."@en . _:statement860 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.best-of-n.sampling-controls"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires candidate diversity from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For repeated generation with the same model and prompt when stochastic token selection supplies candidate diversity; deterministic greedy decoding with unchanged inputs repeats the same output."@en . _:statement861 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pass-at-k.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when outputs have an automatic correctness check, as in code generation."@en . _:statement862 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sampling-controls.pass-at-k"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "temperature shapes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a fixed model, task set, sampling procedure, and correctness criterion; the preferred temperature depends on the evaluation setting and sample budget."@en . _:statement863 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-time-search.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "multiplies per-query compute in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds in proportion to the number of expanded and scored nodes."@en . _:statement864 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-time-search.prefix-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shares partial-solution state through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when branches share prompt and partial-solution prefixes on one server."@en . _:statement865 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.self-consistency.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "multiplies generation cost in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Cost scales with the number of sampled reasoning paths."@en . _:statement866 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.test-time-scaling.verifier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses search guided by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to the search-based way of spending inference compute, as opposed to sequential revision."@en . _:statement867 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pairwise-preference-eval.llm-judge"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can use as the judge"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when pairwise comparisons are graded by a model rather than people."@en . _:statement868 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pairwise-preference-eval.human-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "aggregates votes from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for crowd-sourced arenas where people choose between two outputs."@en . _:statement869 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.annotator-agreement.human-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures reliability of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires several raters to judge overlapping items."@en . _:statement870 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.evaluation-harness.llm-judge"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can score open-ended outputs with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when tasks lack exact-match references."@en . _:statement871 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-judge.hallucination"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can flag"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the judge sees the source evidence and its error rate has been measured against people."@en . _:statement872 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.missing-data.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when missingness patterns or imputation differ between offline data and live requests."@en . _:statement873 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-validation.missing-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "flags unexpected"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires declared expectations on completeness per feature."@en . _:statement874 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-validation.data-quality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Covers only the properties the checks encode, not semantic correctness."@en . _:statement875 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-validation.schema-evolution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "flags undeclared"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when incoming data is compared against the expected schema version."@en . _:statement876 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.schema-evolution.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uncoordinated changes can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when training and serving read different schema versions or interpret a changed field differently."@en . _:statement877 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.evaluation-split.leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "guards against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when splits respect time, entity, and duplicate boundaries."@en . _:statement878 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.evaluation-split.selection-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps a final test partition free of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds only if the final test partition is not used for any selection decision."@en . _:statement879 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-mixture.data-selection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records the sampling proportions chosen in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When learning effort is allocated across data sources by weighted sampling."@en . _:statement880 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.active-learning.data-selection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is label-acquisition"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when the cost being allocated is annotation effort."@en . _:statement881 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weak-supervision.active-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both reduce manual labeling cost; one writes labeling heuristics, the other chooses what humans label."@en . _:statement882 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quality-filtering.data-quality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises average"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the filter's notion of quality matches the target task; filters can also remove useful diversity."@en . _:statement883 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quality-filtering.batch-data-processing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs at corpus scale on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to web-scale pretraining corpora."@en . _:statement884 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-augmentation.regularization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "acts as a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when transformations are label-preserving."@en . _:statement885 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-augmentation.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce sensitivity to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds only for shifts that the chosen transformations actually model."@en . _:statement886 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.synthetic-data.data-augmentation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both enlarge training data; augmentation transforms real examples while synthetic data generates new ones."@en . _:statement887 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.domain-randomization.synthetic-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "generates varied"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to simulator-generated training data for transfer to the real world."@en . _:statement888 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-acquisition.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sampling bias can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the collected population differs from the deployment population."@en . _:statement889 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stream-processing.batch-data-processing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Choose by whether the data is unbounded and how fresh outputs must be."@en . _:statement890 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-learning.stream-processing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "consumes examples from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when updates happen as events arrive."@en . _:statement891 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-learning.concept-drift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adapts to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when labels arrive quickly enough to track the change."@en . _:statement892 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-backfill.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "realigns history to reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the backfill uses the same definition that serving computes."@en . _:statement893 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-versioning.artifact-version"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is part of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when a release records the exact dataset versions it was trained and evaluated on."@en . _:statement894 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lineage.data-versioning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "references immutable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Lineage is only replayable if the referenced datasets are versioned."@en . _:statement895 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-data-processing.dataset-storage-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prunes reads through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for columnar, partitioned layouts with statistics."@en . _:statement896 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.backpressure.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds queue growth and"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when upstream producers honor the signal rather than buffering unboundedly."@en . _:statement897 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.regularization.membership-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the overfitting exploited by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reduces but does not bound leakage; formal bounds need differential privacy."@en . _:statement898 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.critical-batch-size.batch-size"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the useful"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for a given target loss and training phase; it grows as loss falls."@en . _:statement899 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-recompute.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds about one extra forward pass to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for full recomputation; selective schemes recompute less."@en . _:statement900 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-recompute.memory-offloading"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both relieve accelerator memory; one spends compute, the other interconnect bandwidth."@en . _:statement901 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.self-supervised-learning.transfer-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "pretrains representations for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the pretraining data covers the target domain."@en . _:statement902 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.self-supervised-learning.embeddings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to contrastive and masked-prediction objectives."@en . _:statement903 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.slice-discovery.unsupervised-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "clusters errors with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to methods that group examples without predefined slice labels."@en . _:statement904 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.slice-discovery.embeddings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "searches for coherent slices in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for embedding-based methods such as Domino."@en . _:statement905 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rlhf.reinforcement-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for PPO-style optimization against a learned reward."@en . _:statement906 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.preference-optimization.rlhf"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both align to preference data; DPO skips the separate reward model and RL loop."@en . _:statement907 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.preference-optimization.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "avoids reward and value models in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds relative to PPO-based RLHF; a frozen reference model is still needed."@en . _:statement908 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reward-model.labels"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires reliable preference"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because reward accuracy is bounded by comparison label agreement."@en . _:statement909 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.vla-model.imitation-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is commonly trained by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when robot demonstrations supply the action targets."@en . _:statement910 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-size.learning-rate-schedule"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shifts the best peak rate of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds below the critical batch size, where learning rate is typically scaled with batch."@en . _:statement911 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hyperparameter-transfer.learning-rate-schedule"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "carries tuned settings into"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds under a parameterization such as muP that keeps optima stable across width."@en . _:statement912 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hyperparameter-transfer.hyperparameter-search"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs on small proxies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when proxy models share the target's parameterization."@en . _:statement913 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hyperparameter-search.experiment-tracking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compares trials through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies whenever more than a handful of configurations are evaluated."@en . _:statement914 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-accumulation.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces per-step activation"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because activation memory scales with micro-batch, not effective batch."@en . _:statement915 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-accumulation.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the frequency of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when gradient all-reduce is deferred to the last micro-batch."@en . _:statement916 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lora.low-rank-factorization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "parameterizes updates by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the update rank is much smaller than the frozen weight dimensions."@en . _:statement917 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-sync.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "broadcasts weights through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when training and rollout workers sit on separate device groups."@en . _:statement918 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-sync.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sync time reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when transfers are not overlapped with rollout or training."@en . _:statement919 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rl-rollout.policy-staleness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "asynchronous generation increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when rollouts overlap with policy updates."@en . _:statement920 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-training.peft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "updates sparse parameter subsets via"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies under tight device memory where full backpropagation does not fit."@en . _:statement921 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federated-learning.on-device-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for cross-device federation; cross-silo clients train on servers."@en . _:statement922 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cross-validation.evaluation-split"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a rotating"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when data is too scarce for a single fixed validation split and examples are exchangeable."@en . _:statement923 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.conformal-prediction.evaluation-split"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires a held-out calibration"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For split conformal methods, the calibration data are separated from score-function fitting, with the stated exchangeability assumptions required for the coverage guarantee."@en . _:statement924 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequential-testing.rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables early stopping of a harmful stage in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the test's error guarantees allow continuous monitoring."@en . _:statement925 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feedback-loop.experiment-interference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shared retraining data can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when control and treatment models learn from logs that both arms influenced."@en . _:statement926 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.benchmark-contamination.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "inflates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the evaluated items or close variants were seen in training."@en . _:statement927 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.behavioral-testing.metamorphic-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "builds invariance and directional tests from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to CheckList-style INV and DIR tests."@en . _:statement928 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.release-gate.behavioral-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can block on failures of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when capability tests are part of the predeclared checks."@en . _:statement929 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.release-gate.dangerous-capability-eval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can block on thresholds crossed in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to frontier-model releases governed by a scaling policy."@en . _:statement930 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.admission.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds by shedding excess load"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when rejected work is not retried immediately into the same queue."@en . _:statement931 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.admission.graceful-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements load shedding for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when shedding low-priority work keeps the remaining requests within their SLO."@en . _:statement932 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.autoscaling.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises average"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when demand varies and scale-down is permitted."@en . _:statement933 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.paged-kv.prefix-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables block sharing for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the allocator supports copy-on-write sharing of identical prefix blocks."@en . _:statement934 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.paged-kv.service-capacity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises batch size and so"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when KV memory fragmentation was limiting concurrency."@en . _:statement935 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.speculative-decoding.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the draft acceptance rate is high and decode is memory-bound."@en . _:statement936 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.speculative-decoding.arithmetic-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "verifies several tokens per weight read, raising"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds at small batch sizes where decode is memory-bound."@en . _:statement937 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.prefix-cache.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "skips recomputed prefill to reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when requests share long identical prefixes and the cache hits."@en . _:statement938 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.queueing.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds under load when requests wait for a prefill slot."@en . _:statement939 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rag.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lengthens prompts and so"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because retrieved passages add prefill tokens and retrieval adds a serial step."@en . _:statement940 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-inference.batch-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Choose by required freshness, latency, and cost per prediction."@en . _:statement941 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-inference.model-server"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when predictions are served per request behind a network interface."@en . _:statement942 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-inference.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when predictions can be precomputed for a known input set."@en . _:statement943 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-server.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "loads and executes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for any server that loads serialized weights and graph at startup or on version change."@en . _:statement944 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-model-serving.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when individual models have low or bursty traffic."@en . _:statement945 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-cascade.model-routing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Routing decides before calling a model; a cascade escalates after a cheap model's answer."@en . _:statement946 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hedged-requests.arrival-rate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds duplicate load to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Extra load stays small when hedges fire only after a high-percentile delay."@en . _:statement947 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hedged-requests.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when slowness is replica-specific rather than shared."@en . _:statement948 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.continuous-batching.paged-kv"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on dynamic allocation from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for vLLM-style engines where sequences join and leave each iteration."@en . _:statement949 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.load-balancing.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when load signals are fresh and replicas are interchangeable."@en . _:statement950 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.load-balancing.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when imbalance, not total capacity, causes the tail."@en . _:statement951 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.chunked-prefill.pd-disaggregation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both limit prefill-decode interference; one colocates with chunking, the other separates pools."@en . _:statement952 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.chunked-prefill.continuous-batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "piggybacks prefill chunks on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the scheduler admits work at each iteration under a per-iteration token budget."@en . _:statement953 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.constrained-decoding.function-calling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "guarantees well-formed arguments for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The supported argument constraints are enforced during decoding and the output completes successfully; this does not establish argument truth or tool authorization."@en . _:statement954 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.function-calling.grammar"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains arguments with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when tool arguments must match a declared schema."@en . _:statement955 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.output-validation.grammar"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks after generation"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Outputs are checked against the declared schema after generation, whether or not constrained decoding was used."@en . _:statement956 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.output-validation.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "retries increase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Validation failure triggers retries on the response’s critical path, compared with an otherwise comparable run without those retries."@en . _:statement957 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reasoning-budget.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the reasoning share of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when reasoning tokens are billed or provisioned like output tokens."@en . _:statement958 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reasoning-budget.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds growth of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because reasoning tokens stay in context until the answer."@en . _:statement959 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dense-retrieval.embeddings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for bi-encoder retrieval where queries and records are embedded separately."@en . _:statement960 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dense-retrieval.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when relevance is scored by similarity of learned vectors."@en . _:statement961 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lexical-retrieval.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when relevance is scored by weighted term overlap over an inverted index."@en . _:statement962 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reranking.ranking-funnel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a late stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when a cheap candidate stage precedes a costlier scoring model under one latency budget."@en . _:statement963 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reranking.transformer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly uses cross-encoder"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to neural rerankers that jointly encode query and candidate."@en . _:statement964 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-runtime.model-conversion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because runtimes accept only their own formats and operator sets."@en . _:statement965 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-runtime.edge-npu"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "delegates supported operators to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when the device has an accelerator and a delegate for it."@en . _:statement966 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ota-model-update.artifact-signing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "must verify"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for any fleet where tampered models could be pushed."@en . _:statement967 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ota-model-update.rollback"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on on-device"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires the previous model to stay on the device."@en . _:statement968 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-cloud-partitioning.energy-per-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce on-device"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when uplink cost is lower than the compute it moves off device."@en . _:statement969 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-heterogeneity.device-cloud-partitioning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shifts the best split in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because device speed and network differ widely across the fleet."@en . _:statement970 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-registry.rollback"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps prior versions available for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when prior versions and their serving configuration remain registered and deployable."@en . _:statement971 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.shadow-deployment.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can expose"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when shadow outputs are compared with offline predictions on the same inputs."@en . _:statement972 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.shadow-deployment.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "duplicates inference cost in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for the shadow period because every mirrored request runs on both models."@en . _:statement973 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-ci-cd.integration-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies on each change to code, data checks, or model artifacts."@en . _:statement974 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-ci-cd.mlops-maturity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "marks higher levels of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for maturity models in which automated pipeline delivery defines the top level."@en . _:statement975 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.drift-detection.monitoring"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is part of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when distribution checks run alongside service and quality signals in production."@en . _:statement976 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.drift-detection.inference-logging"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compares distributions from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because production distributions are reconstructed from logged inputs and predictions."@en . _:statement977 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.delayed-outcomes.drift-detection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits outcome-based"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when labels arrive late; input-distribution checks remain available."@en . _:statement978 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.alerting.sli"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fires on thresholds over"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when alerts are defined over user-facing indicators rather than raw resource metrics."@en . _:statement979 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.concept-drift.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the input-target form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when P(y|x) changes even if the input distribution does not."@en . _:statement980 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workflow-orchestration.continuous-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs the pipelines of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when retraining, validation, and registration steps run as an orchestrated pipeline."@en . _:statement981 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.postmortem.failure-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to ML incidents whose cause could lie in data, model, code, or infrastructure."@en . _:statement982 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-attribution.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "traces data and artifact versions through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the failing prediction can be tied to the data and artifact versions that produced it."@en . _:statement983 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distributed-tracing.failure-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "localizes the component behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when every component a request traverses propagates the trace context."@en . _:statement984 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-call-tracing.cost-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "attributes token spend per step for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when spans record token counts and model identity per call."@en . _:statement985 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-deprecation.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "finds downstream consumers through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when lineage records which downstream jobs and services read the model's outputs."@en . _:statement986 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-archival.model-deprecation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the final stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when a retired model must stay reproducible or auditable after removal from service."@en . _:statement987 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-archival.algorithmic-audit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "preserves evidence for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when evaluation records and data references are kept for the audit horizon."@en . _:statement988 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-offload.storage-tiering"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies when KV blocks move between accelerator memory, host memory, and SSD by reuse likelihood."@en . _:statement989 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-transfer.rdma"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies in disaggregated clusters with RDMA fabrics."@en . _:statement990 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-transfer.communication-overlap"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "hides latency with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when layer-wise KV transfer can proceed while later layers still compute."@en . _:statement991 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lm-program-optimization.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "optimizes against an end-to-end"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because the optimizer can only improve what the declared metric scores."@en . _:statement992 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-adapter-serving.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds relative to one dedicated deployment per fine-tuned model."@en . _:statement993 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.denoising-step-reduction.distillation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "often uses step"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to progressive and consistency distillation, not to training-free fast samplers."@en . _:statement994 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.denoising-step-reduction.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces per-sample"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds roughly in proportion to the number of network evaluations removed."@en . _:statement995 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.diffusion-feature-caching.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases cached-activation"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because cached features from earlier steps must stay resident."@en . _:statement996 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.diffusion-feature-caching.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when adjacent-step features change little, so skipped blocks lose little quality."@en . _:statement997 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantized-vector-index.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compresses vectors to reduce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Vectors are stored as shorter quantized codes rather than full-precision coordinates; recall depends on quantization, partition probing, reranking, and the data."@en . _:statement998 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.filtered-vector-search.graph-vector-index"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends traversal of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies to predicate-agnostic methods that densify a proximity graph to keep filtered recall."@en . _:statement999 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.index-freshness.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds recall on recently changed records in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when inserts and deletes reach the index later than the source of truth."@en . _:statement1000 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-evaluation.llm-judge"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can grade trajectories with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Applies where task success lacks a programmatic check."@en . _:statement1001 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deterministic-replay.agent-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes repeatable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when tool responses and model outputs are recorded so a run can be re-executed exactly."@en . _:statement1002 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.critical-batch-size.time-to-train"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the data-parallel speedup of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds because beyond it more examples per step no longer cut the steps needed to reach the target loss."@en . _:statement1003 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distillation.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the serving memory footprint by producing a smaller student"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the student architecture is smaller than the teacher and reaches acceptable quality on the target metric."@en . _:statement1004 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distillation.speculative-decoding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces well-aligned draft models for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the draft is distilled from the target model so its token distribution matches closely enough to raise acceptance rates."@en . _:statement1005 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pruning.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the pruned weights are stored in a compressed or smaller dense form rather than as explicit zeros."@en . _:statement1006 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.structured-pruning.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces dense-hardware"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When whole channels, filters, or heads are removed so the remaining layers are smaller dense operations."@en . _:statement1007 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.low-rank-factorization.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the chosen rank is much smaller than the matrix dimensions and the factored model keeps acceptable accuracy."@en . _:statement1008 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization-aware-training.post-training-quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "QAT recovers more accuracy at low bit widths but needs a training run; PTQ needs only a calibration set."@en . _:statement1009 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neural-architecture-search.efficiency-frontier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "searches for points on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the search objective combines quality and a stated cost measure on the target platform."@en . _:statement1010 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-aware-nas.analytical-performance-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses latency predictors from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When on-device measurement of every candidate is too slow, so a calibrated cost model ranks candidates."@en . _:statement1011 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-hardware-co-design.nm-sparsity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the sparsity pattern is chosen to match a sparse matrix-engine instruction, as with 2:4 sparsity on sparse tensor cores."@en . _:statement1012 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-only-quantization.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When small-batch decoding is memory-bandwidth-bound and dequantization is fused into the matrix multiply."@en . _:statement1013 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-only-quantization.activation-outliers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sidesteps"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Because activations stay in higher precision, outlier channels never enter a low-bit activation range."@en . _:statement1014 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transformer.activation-outliers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "develops, at scale,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In large transformers, roughly beyond a few billion parameters, where a few hidden dimensions carry systematic large-magnitude activations."@en . _:statement1015 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-quantization.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When long-context decoding time is dominated by reading the KV cache from memory."@en . _:statement1016 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-quantization.batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises the feasible batch size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When serving is KV-memory-bound, so freed capacity admits more concurrent sequences."@en . _:statement1017 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-goodput.time-to-train"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a fixed model, data, and quality target, since lost and redone work lengthens wall-clock time."@en . _:statement1018 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-load-scenario.batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the admissible"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Offline scenarios permit large batches; server and single-stream scenarios limit batching by their latency constraint."@en . _:statement1019 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-load-scenario.arrival-rate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specifies the query"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In server scenarios, where queries arrive by a stated random process at a target rate."@en . _:statement1020 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-recompute.model-flops-utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers measured"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Because recomputed FLOPs are excluded from MFU's model-required count, so MFU falls while hardware FLOPs utilization rises."@en . _:statement1021 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bottleneck-analysis.bound-regime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "identifies the operating"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-kernel time, FLOPs, and bytes are measured, so each kernel can be placed relative to the ridge point."@en . _:statement1022 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.job-preemption.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When preempted work since the last checkpoint is lost and restart costs are paid on resumption."@en . _:statement1023 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.benchmark.energy-measurement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For energy or power benchmarks, which must declare sensor class, sampling, and system boundary to be comparable."@en . _:statement1024 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.consistent-cut.checkpoint-resharding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A sharded checkpoint can be remapped to a new layout only when all shards were saved from the same training step."@en . _:statement1025 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.async-checkpointing.consistent-cut"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When every rank snapshots its shard at the same step boundary before background persistence begins."@en . _:statement1026 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.async-checkpointing.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the blocking snapshot is much cheaper than the durable write, so training stalls less per checkpoint."@en . _:statement1027 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.circuit-breaker.graceful-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When an open breaker routes requests to a fallback response rather than returning errors."@en . _:statement1028 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.circuit-breaker.arrival-rate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cuts the request rate reaching a failing dependency, lowering its"@en ; taxmeta:condition "While the breaker is open, which gives the overloaded dependency time to recover."@en . _:statement1029 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.replication-failover.fencing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a failed-over primary may still be alive, so stale writers must be fenced to avoid split brain."@en . _:statement1030 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.replication-failover.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Redundant replicas add capital and operating cost in proportion to the replication factor."@en . _:statement1031 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mtbf.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For large synchronous jobs, where job MTBF shrinks with component count and each failure costs rework plus restart."@en . _:statement1032 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distributed-tracing.gray-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "detects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When traces record the latency and errors that callers actually experience rather than health-check results."@en . _:statement1033 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-topology.failure-domain"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "helps determine network-related"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Components depend on shared network elements; power, software, and other dependencies may define additional or overlapping failure domains."@en . _:statement1034 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.abft.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "carries checksums through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For linear-algebra kernels whose input checksums predict output checksums."@en . _:statement1035 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.abft.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds checksum overhead to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The overhead is small relative to large matrix multiplications but nonzero."@en . _:statement1036 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.game-day.alerting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tests whether alerts fire and reach responders through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the exercise uses real paging and runbook paths."@en . _:statement1037 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-fault-injection.failure-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the injected faults are bit flips or stuck-at errors in model state rather than service-level faults."@en . _:statement1038 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rollout.blast-radius"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each stage exposes a small fraction of traffic and gates promotion on health signals."@en . _:statement1039 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.least-privilege.blast-radius"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a compromised or faulty component holds only the permissions its task requires."@en . _:statement1040 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transfer-learning.backdoor"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases exposure to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When pretrained weights come from untrusted parties, since backdoors can survive fine-tuning on clean data."@en . _:statement1041 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.guardrails.jailbreak"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partially mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Input and output classifiers catch known patterns but can be evaded by novel or obfuscated prompts."@en . _:statement1042 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rlhf.jailbreak"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partially mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Safety training reduces disallowed outputs but fails under competing objectives and mismatched generalization."@en . _:statement1043 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.adversarial-training.time-to-train"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each training step runs an inner attack, multiplying compute by roughly the number of attack steps."@en . _:statement1044 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distillation.model-watermarking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can strip parameter-embedded"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For watermarks embedded in weights rather than in behavior on trigger inputs, since a distilled student has new weights."@en . _:statement1045 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-signing.supply-chain-compromise"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When consumers verify signatures and provenance against trusted identities before loading artifacts."@en . _:statement1046 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-registry.artifact-signing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the registry signs artifacts on promotion and verifies them before deployment."@en . _:statement1047 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.isolation.unsafe-deserialization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "contains the effects of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When untrusted model files are loaded inside a sandbox with no credentials or network access."@en . _:statement1048 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.generalization.membership-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers the advantage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Attack advantage grows with the train-test generalization gap, so better-generalizing models leak less membership signal."@en . _:statement1049 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dp-sgd.model-inversion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For reconstruction of individual training records; inference of population-level attributes is not bounded by DP."@en . _:statement1050 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.secure-aggregation.model-inversion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "blocks gradient-based"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the server could otherwise reconstruct a client's data from its individual update."@en . _:statement1051 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-retention.machine-unlearning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When deletion obligations extend to models trained on the deleted records."@en . _:statement1052 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.remote-attestation.supply-chain-compromise"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "detects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For platform firmware or software whose measured state differs from trusted reference values."@en . _:statement1053 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-tenancy.side-channel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases exposure to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tenants share accelerators, caches, memory, or interconnect whose contention is observable."@en . _:statement1054 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.side-channel.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When observed timing, power, or memory behavior correlates with secret inputs or model parameters."@en . _:statement1055 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.he-inference.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "multiplies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Homomorphic evaluation costs orders of magnitude more compute than plaintext inference, especially for nonlinear layers."@en . _:statement1056 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.secure-computation-inference.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Latency is dominated by communication rounds and garbled-circuit evaluation of nonlinear layers."@en . _:statement1057 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pue.operational-carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "multiplies IT energy into"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Facility overhead for cooling and power conversion scales IT energy by PUE before carbon intensity applies."@en . _:statement1058 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.emission-scopes.operational-carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "classifies purchased-electricity emissions (Scope 2) in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For an operator buying grid electricity under the GHG Protocol."@en . _:statement1059 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lifecycle-assessment.water-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the assessment's inventory includes on-site cooling and off-site generation water."@en . _:statement1060 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lifecycle-assessment.e-waste"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "accounts end-of-life impacts of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the system boundary includes disposal and recycling stages."@en . _:statement1061 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.spot-capacity.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When workloads tolerate preemption through checkpointing or elasticity so the discount is not lost to rework."@en . _:statement1062 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-routing.cost-per-token"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers the average"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a router sends requests a cheaper model can handle to that model while meeting the quality target."@en . _:statement1063 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-tenancy.cost-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When shared infrastructure must be charged back to the teams or workloads that consume it."@en . _:statement1064 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-attribution.idle-dynamic-power"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "allocates shared idle cost using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When provisioned but idle capacity must be charged to owners by an explicit rule."@en . _:statement1065 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.idle-dynamic-power.energy-efficiency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines"@en ; taxmeta:condition "At low load, idle power dominates, so poorly energy-proportional hardware loses efficiency."@en . _:statement1066 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stpa.feedback-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "models the system as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "STPA represents the system as controllers, control actions, and feedback paths."@en . _:statement1067 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fmea.failure-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enumerates component failure modes from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "FMEA is bottom-up over declared component failure modes."@en . _:statement1068 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.functional-safety.hazard-analysis"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "ISO 26262 requires hazard analysis and risk assessment before safety goals are set."@en . _:statement1069 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.functional-safety.safety-integrity-level"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Safety goals are assigned an integrity level, such as an ASIL, that sets development rigor."@en . _:statement1070 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.functional-safety.fmea"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When component failure modes must be traced to effects on safety goals."@en . _:statement1071 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-filter.model-predictive-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For predictive safety filters that solve a constrained finite-horizon problem to find the nearest safe action."@en . _:statement1072 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.control-barrier-function.dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires a model of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The barrier condition holds only under the modeled dynamics and bounded disturbance."@en . _:statement1073 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.simplex-architecture.mixed-criticality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The verified safety controller and decision module must keep their timing even when the complex controller overruns."@en . _:statement1074 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.minimal-risk-condition.graceful-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can be the final stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When degradation in a physical system proceeds to a safe stop."@en . _:statement1075 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.minimal-risk-condition.authority-handover"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the system can no longer operate safely, it can either hand control to a human or reach a minimal-risk state itself."@en . _:statement1076 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.operating-domain.scenario-based-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scopes the scenario catalog of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Scenarios and parameter ranges are drawn from the declared operational design domain."@en . _:statement1077 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-case.scenario-based-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws coverage evidence from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When scenario coverage is traced to hazards and operating-domain conditions."@en . _:statement1078 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.falsification.rare-event-validation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Failure regions found by falsification can seed importance sampling for failure-probability estimates."@en . _:statement1079 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.falsification.formal-verification"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For systems too complex for formal proof, where searching for counterexamples replaces proving their absence."@en . _:statement1080 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neural-network-verification.robustness-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a certified alternative to empirical"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For properties over input regions small enough for the verifier to scale."@en . _:statement1081 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rare-event-validation.statistical-uncertainty"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the confidence achievable in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the number of observed failures is small, confidence bounds dominate the estimate."@en . _:statement1082 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.xil-testing.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the real compute and hardware run in the loop, exposing timing that pure simulation omits."@en . _:statement1083 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.xil-testing.integration-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each rung tests the assembled software or hardware against a simulated or recorded environment."@en . _:statement1084 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.goal-structuring-notation.algorithmic-audit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When auditors review the assurance argument, not only its evidence artifacts."@en . _:statement1085 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compensation.rollback"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Rollback restores software or configuration state; compensation remedies effects when such a reversal is unavailable."@en . _:statement1086 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.runtime-assurance.stopping-envelope"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks the current state against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the fallback is a stop and the monitor runs fast enough to trigger it before the state leaves the envelope."@en . _:statement1087 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hardware-fault-injection.abft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures the detection coverage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When injected faults hit the operations the checksums protect, at realistic rates and locations."@en . _:statement1088 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.individual-fairness.fairness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "states fairness over similar individuals rather than across groups as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a system must choose which fairness notion to enforce or audit."@en . _:statement1089 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.individual-fairness.decision-policy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a task-specific similarity metric is declared and accepted by stakeholders."@en . _:statement1090 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fairness-incompatibility.calibration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits per-group"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When base rates differ and error-rate parity is also required."@en . _:statement1091 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fairness-incompatibility.fairness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits which criteria can jointly hold in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When base rates differ across groups and the predictor is imperfect."@en . _:statement1092 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bias-mitigation.fairness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the intervention targets a declared criterion and is re-evaluated on held-out data."@en . _:statement1093 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bias-mitigation.data-selection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses reweighting and resampling from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For pre-processing methods that change the training distribution across groups."@en . _:statement1094 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-attribution.leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "detects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a feature unavailable at prediction time dominates attributions."@en . _:statement1095 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.counterfactual-explanation.feature-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both explain one decision post hoc; counterfactuals give actionable changes, attributions give per-feature contributions."@en . _:statement1096 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.interpretable-model.contestability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When affected people or reviewers can read the decision logic that produced their outcome."@en . _:statement1097 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.interpretable-model.algorithmic-audit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When auditors can inspect the model directly instead of relying on post-hoc approximations."@en . _:statement1098 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-registry.model-card"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stores and versions"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When documentation is required for promotion alongside the model artifact."@en . _:statement1099 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.algorithmic-audit.datasheet"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws evidence from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Datasheets document data provenance and composition but do not replace access to the data."@en . _:statement1100 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.automation-bias.approval-gate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce to rubber stamps"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When reviewers see many correct proposals, weak error cues, and time pressure."@en . _:statement1101 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.automation-bias.authority-handover"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can degrade"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When operators lose vigilance and manual skill during long automated stretches."@en . _:statement1102 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ai-risk-management.red-teaming"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When red-team findings feed the measure and manage functions of the risk process."@en . _:statement1103 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.risk-tiered-regulation.impact-assessment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For deployers of high-risk systems in categories where a fundamental-rights impact assessment is required."@en . _:statement1104 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.impact-assessment.fairness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "identifies the affected groups and criteria for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the assessment precedes deployment and is revisited after material changes."@en . _:statement1105 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.planning.inference-time-search"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the agent expands and scores alternative partial plans rather than committing to one chain."@en . _:statement1106 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-evaluation.planning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures plan quality through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When intermediate steps, not only final outcomes, are scored across the trajectory."@en . _:statement1107 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-budget.planning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the search depth of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When turn, token, or time limits cap how many alternatives a plan can explore."@en . _:statement1108 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tool-contract.idempotency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "declares retry safety in terms of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the contract states an idempotency key or at-most-once semantics so the harness can decide whether a re-issued call is safe."@en . _:statement1109 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.robot-perception.sensing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires calibrated"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Detections and depth are only as accurate as the intrinsic, extrinsic, and timing calibration of the sensors."@en . _:statement1110 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.state-observability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When an added modality measures a state the others cannot distinguish, such as scale for monocular vision."@en . _:statement1111 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-observability.slam"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds drift correction in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Absolute pose and heading are unobservable from relative measurements alone, so drift persists without loop closure or external references."@en . _:statement1112 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.contact-compliance.sim-to-real"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can widen the gap in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Contact forces depend on stiffness, friction, and geometry that simulators approximate poorly."@en . _:statement1113 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-context-protocol.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "widens the surface for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tool descriptions and results from third-party servers enter the model's context as if trusted."@en . _:statement1114 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-context-protocol.authorization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When servers require scoped, delegated credentials before exposing tools or resources."@en . _:statement1115 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-evaluation.computer-use"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tasks run in real applications and success is checked from the resulting system state."@en . _:statement1116 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-harness.function-calling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "dispatches tool actions through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the model emits structured calls that the harness validates and executes."@en . _:statement1117 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-harness.agent-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces stopping rules from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The harness, not the model, applies turn, token, time, and spend limits."@en . _:statement1118 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-budget.trajectory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the length of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When limits on turns, tokens, or wall-clock time stop the run before completion."@en . _:statement1119 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.durable-execution.workflow-orchestration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each step's intent and result are logged so recovery reuses recorded results; an effect completed before its result was recorded may need retry, deduplication, or reconciliation."@en . _:statement1120 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deterministic-replay.llm-call-tracing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can take recorded model outputs and tool results from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When traces retain full payloads rather than sampled or truncated spans; otherwise replay needs the trajectory log."@en . _:statement1121 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deterministic-replay.failure-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a failing trajectory can be re-run step by step with its original inputs."@en . _:statement1122 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.suspend-resume.durable-execution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "persists waiting state through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a trajectory must survive process restarts while waiting on a human or external event."@en . _:statement1123 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.shared-agent-state.multi-agent-orchestration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is part of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When several agents read and write task state under one orchestration topology."@en . _:statement1124 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.shared-agent-state.coordination-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When concurrent writes or stale reads go uncontrolled, so agents act on conflicting views of the task."@en . _:statement1125 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-call-tracing.coordination-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "detects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When handoffs, delegated instructions, and per-agent outputs are recorded as linked spans."@en . _:statement1126 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.correlated-agent-errors.self-consistency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the benefit of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the sampled answers or voting agents share a base model and prompt, so their errors are not independent."@en . _:statement1127 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.correlated-agent-errors.llm-judge"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "weakens the independence of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the judge shares a base model with the system it grades."@en . _:statement1128 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.time-synchronization.observation-age"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is measurable across sensors only under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Observation age can be computed only when capture and use timestamps share a synchronized clock."@en . _:statement1129 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recursive-filtering.dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "predicts state with a model of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The prediction step propagates the estimate through modeled dynamics between measurements."@en . _:statement1130 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.recursive-filtering"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When fused measurements arrive asynchronously and are combined through prediction and correction steps."@en . _:statement1131 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.world-model.reinforcement-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables sample-efficient"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When policies are trained on imagined rollouts from the learned model rather than only on environment interaction."@en . _:statement1132 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.motion-planning.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Plans are valid only relative to the estimated pose and map they start from."@en . _:statement1133 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.motion-planning.slam"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "plans over maps from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the environment is not known in advance and the map is built online."@en . _:statement1134 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixed-criticality.real-time-scheduling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Schedulability is analyzed with criticality-dependent WCET estimates for each task."@en . _:statement1135 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.real-time-scheduling.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Rate-monotonic scheduling guarantees deadlines only when processor utilization stays below the Liu-Layland bound."@en . _:statement1136 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.vla-model.transfer-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "transfers web-scale vision-language knowledge through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the policy is fine-tuned from a pretrained vision-language backbone."@en . _:statement1137 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.vla-model.teleoperation-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is fine-tuned on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When robot action labels come from human-driven demonstrations."@en . _:statement1138 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.synthetic-data.teleoperation-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Simulated demonstrations are cheaper to scale but carry a sim-to-real gap that teleoperated demonstrations avoid."@en . _:statement1139 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.action-chunking.observation-age"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "increases, for actions late in a chunk,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When chunks execute open loop, so later actions rest on older observations."@en . _:statement1140 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.imitation-learning.action-chunking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces compounding error with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the policy predicts short action sequences rather than single steps."@en . _:statement1141 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.domain-randomization.data-augmentation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "generates varied simulated examples instead of transforming recorded ones as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When training data for a policy or perception model can be simulated rather than only recorded."@en . _:statement1142 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.domain-randomization.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the randomized ranges cover the real-world parameters without making the task unlearnable."@en . _:statement1143 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-filter.vla-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains the commanded actions of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the filter runs on every action at control rate with authority over the learned policy."@en . _:statement1144 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.world-model.self-supervised-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is trained to predict future observations by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the model learns from action-conditioned sequences without task labels."@en . _:statement1145 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.time-synchronization.sensing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is part of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sensing establishes how observations relate to time as well as to physical quantities and coordinates."@en . _:statement1146 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.diffusion-model.neural-network"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Diffusion models are neural networks trained to reverse a gradual noising process over many denoising steps."@en . _:statement1147 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-in-memory.data-movement-energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers by computing where weights are stored"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Weight-stationary matrix-vector workloads whose weights fit in the memory arrays."@en . _:statement1148 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-in-memory.precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the effective bit width of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Analog implementations, where device noise, drift, and converter resolution bound precision."@en . _:statement1149 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.emerging-nvm.compute-in-memory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides programmable analog cells for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Device conductance can be programmed to represent weight values."@en . _:statement1150 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.emerging-nvm.on-chip-sram"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "competes for on-chip weight storage with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Density and standby power outweigh write endurance and write latency."@en . _:statement1151 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedded-dsl.computation-graph"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "builds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Staged or traced execution rather than immediate evaluation."@en . _:statement1152 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedded-dsl.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes whole programs to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The DSL restricts host-language features that cannot be staged."@en . _:statement1153 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.differentiable-programming.autodiff"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Derivatives must propagate through control flow and data structures."@en . _:statement1154 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.function-transformations.differentiable-programming"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "realizes through a composable grad transformation"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Programs written as pure array functions."@en . _:statement1155 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.persistent-kernel.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes per-operator launch overhead from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Small-batch, latency-bound workloads made of many short kernels."@en . _:statement1156 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.persistent-kernel.graph-replay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative way to remove launch overhead to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Persistent kernels also overlap work across operator boundaries inside one launch."@en . _:statement1157 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.persistent-kernel.fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps one kernel resident rather than merging operations as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both reduce host launches for repeated work."@en . _:statement1158 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-superoptimization.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an optimization stage within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Rewrites are verified equivalent before code generation."@en . _:statement1159 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-superoptimization.intermediate-representation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "searches rewrites expressed in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Graph- or kernel-level IR with defined operator semantics."@en . _:statement1160 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-superoptimization.fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "discovers new opportunities for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Search spans kernel and thread-block levels as well as the graph level."@en . _:statement1161 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-training-framework.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "packages"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Parallelism degrees are set by configuration and mapped to the device topology."@en . _:statement1162 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-training-framework.state-sharding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly applies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Optimizer and parameter state exceed per-device memory."@en . _:statement1163 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-training-framework.activation-recompute"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly applies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Activation memory limits sequence length or micro-batch size."@en . _:statement1164 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cloud-service-model.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shifts the cost structure of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Comparing rented infrastructure, managed platforms, and hosted APIs for the same workload."@en . _:statement1165 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cloud-service-model.multi-tenancy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on resource pooling through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Providers serve many customers from shared physical resources."@en . _:statement1166 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lakehouse.object-storage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stores table files in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Lakehouse designs over open file formats."@en . _:statement1167 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lakehouse.data-versioning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides snapshot time travel for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Table formats that retain prior snapshots."@en . _:statement1168 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lakehouse.dataset-storage-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stores data in columnar layouts such as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Open columnar formats such as Parquet."@en . _:statement1169 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-power-swings.power-oversubscription"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes headroom assumed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Swings are coincident across accelerators, defeating non-coincident-peak assumptions."@en . _:statement1170 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.facility-energy-storage.training-power-swings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "buffers"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Storage sized and controlled to respond at the swing frequency."@en . _:statement1171 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-capping.training-power-swings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "smooths"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Device power caps and floors applied to bound ramp rates."@en . _:statement1172 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.facility-energy-storage.availability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Carrying load through utility outages until generators take over."@en . _:statement1173 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.grid-interconnection.capacity-planning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the power available to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sites whose deliverable grid power is below planned IT load."@en . _:statement1174 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-site-generation.grid-interconnection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "substitutes for or supplements"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Interconnection queues delay or cap grid supply."@en . _:statement1175 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-site-generation.operational-carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the emissions of supply for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "On-site sources supply a material share of load."@en . _:statement1176 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-cleaning.data-validation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "repairs violations found by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Validation rules or statistics flag the records to repair."@en . _:statement1177 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-cleaning.missing-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "imputes or removes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The missingness mechanism is understood well enough to choose a treatment."@en . _:statement1178 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-cleaning.data-quality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Repairs are validated and do not introduce label leakage."@en . _:statement1179 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rebalancing.class-imbalance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compensates for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Resampling or weighting is applied to training data only."@en . _:statement1180 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.class-imbalance.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shapes the choice of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Per-class, precision-recall, or cost-weighted metrics replace accuracy."@en . _:statement1181 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rebalancing.calibration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shifts predicted probabilities away from true base rates, degrading"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When posteriors track the altered training prior, deployment retains a different prior under stable class-conditional distributions, and no prior correction is applied."@en . _:statement1182 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-hashing.features"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a technique within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Categorical inputs with large or open vocabularies."@en . _:statement1183 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-hashing.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Weight or embedding tables indexed by hash bucket."@en . _:statement1184 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-cross.features"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a technique within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Interactions among categorical inputs."@en . _:statement1185 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feature-cross.feature-hashing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is often bucketed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Crosses of high-cardinality features whose joint vocabulary would explode."@en . _:statement1186 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.linear-model.feature-cross"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "represents interactions through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Interactions not otherwise expressible by an additive model."@en . _:statement1187 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-governance.data-retention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets policy for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Retention periods follow purpose and legal obligations."@en . _:statement1188 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-governance.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "depends on traceability from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Accountability for which data reached which model must be demonstrable."@en . _:statement1189 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-governance.authorization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces access decisions through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Access policies are encoded as enforceable permissions."@en . _:statement1190 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-consent.data-governance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a policy element of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Personal data is processed."@en . _:statement1191 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-consent.data-acquisition"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "restricts"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Personal data for which a lawful basis or consent is required."@en . _:statement1192 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.exploratory-data-analysis.missing-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reveals patterns of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Profiles are computed per feature and per slice."@en . _:statement1193 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.exploratory-data-analysis.data-validation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "informs constraints for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Observed statistics seed a schema or expectation set."@en . _:statement1194 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-visualization.experiment-tracking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "plots metrics recorded by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Runs log curves and artifacts in a queryable store."@en . _:statement1195 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-visualization.error-analysis"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Errors are displayed alongside inputs and slices."@en . _:statement1196 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-selection.cross-validation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates candidate performance with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Data is too small for a dedicated validation split."@en . _:statement1197 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-selection.selection-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can inflate estimates through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Selection and final assessment reuse the same validation data."@en . _:statement1198 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-selection.baseline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compares candidates against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The baseline is evaluated under the same protocol."@en . _:statement1199 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hyperparameter-search.model-selection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a stage within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Hyperparameters are chosen on validation data."@en . _:statement1200 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pretraining.self-supervised-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "optimizes an objective from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Unlabeled corpora supply the training targets."@en . _:statement1201 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pretraining.transfer-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies base models for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Downstream tasks share structure with the pretraining corpus."@en . _:statement1202 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pretraining.data-mixture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws its corpus from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Corpora combine multiple domains or sources."@en . _:statement1203 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pretraining.causal-lm"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "commonly optimizes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Decoder-only language-model pretraining."@en . _:statement1204 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.causal-lm.self-supervised-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a text case of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Targets are the next tokens of the input itself."@en . _:statement1205 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gan.diffusion-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "competes for sample generation with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Single-step sampling versus many denoising steps, with different stability and diversity."@en . _:statement1206 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gan.mode-collapse"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is prone to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The generator outpaces the discriminator during adversarial training."@en . _:statement1207 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mode-collapse.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a diversity-loss form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Collapse of output diversity rather than divergence of the loss."@en . _:statement1208 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.perplexity.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a likelihood-based case of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Models that assign token probabilities."@en . _:statement1209 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tokenization.perplexity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the unit of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Per-token perplexities are comparable only under one tokenizer; bits per byte normalizes."@en . _:statement1210 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.perplexity.causal-lm"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "evaluates held-out performance of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Held-out text is free of training contamination."@en . _:statement1211 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reference-match-scoring.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a reference-based case of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tasks with canonical reference answers."@en . _:statement1212 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reference-match-scoring.llm-judge"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "competes for scoring open outputs with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reproducibility and cost weighed against tolerance of paraphrase."@en . _:statement1213 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.error-analysis.slice-discovery"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "groups mistakes with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Error categories are not known in advance."@en . _:statement1214 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-diagnostics.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reveals"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Gradient and loss statistics are logged at step granularity."@en . _:statement1215 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-diagnostics.model-visualization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reads plots from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Learning curves and activation statistics are recorded during training."@en . _:statement1216 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-inference.keyed-predictions"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "joins outputs to inputs with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Distributed batch jobs return outputs out of order."@en . _:statement1217 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-logging.keyed-predictions"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "joins predictions to later outcomes with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Outcomes arrive after the prediction and must be matched."@en . _:statement1218 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stateless-serving-function.autoscaling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lets replicas be added or removed for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "No request depends on replica-local state."@en . _:statement1219 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stateless-serving-function.model-signature"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes its interface as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Inputs and outputs are declared at export."@en . _:statement1220 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-gateway.model-routing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "directs requests by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Several models or providers serve the same application."@en . _:statement1221 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-gateway.cost-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records usage for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "All model calls pass through the gateway."@en . _:statement1222 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-gateway.semantic-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can serve repeated requests from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Responses are reusable across users and sessions."@en . _:statement1223 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.semantic-cache.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "finds similar past requests with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requests are embedded and indexed."@en . _:statement1224 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.semantic-cache.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "avoids model calls that drive"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workloads with many near-duplicate requests."@en . _:statement1225 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.glue-code.technical-debt"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "accumulates, when wired in without a common interface,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When supporting code around a general package grows to fit one system."@en . _:statement1226 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-platform.glue-code"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the need for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The platform wraps packages behind common APIs."@en . _:statement1227 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-jungle.technical-debt"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Data preparation evolves without holistic redesign."@en . _:statement1228 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-jungle.integration-testing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "impedes end-to-end"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Failures can only be detected by expensive end-to-end tests."@en . _:statement1229 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.build-vs-buy.ml-platform"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shapes the composition of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Platform components are chosen one capability at a time."@en . _:statement1230 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.build-vs-buy.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compares options by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Engineering, licensing, and operating costs are counted over the same horizon."@en . _:statement1231 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.user-feedback.inference-logging"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "attaches signals to records in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Feedback is joined to the prediction that elicited it."@en . _:statement1232 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.user-feedback.retraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies labels for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Feedback is filtered for noise and position or exposure bias."@en . _:statement1233 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.user-feedback.feedback-loop"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can drive"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Feedback is gathered only on outputs the model chose to show."@en . _:statement1234 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.human-ai-interaction.automation-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "counters"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Interfaces convey uncertainty and make errors visible."@en . _:statement1235 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.human-ai-interaction.contestability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides interfaces for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Users can see why an output was produced and correct or override it."@en . _:statement1236 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.demand-response.power-capping"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sheds load through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Caps are applied in response to grid signals."@en . _:statement1237 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.demand-response.job-preemption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "defers flexible work through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Interruptible training or batch jobs checkpoint before suspension."@en . _:statement1238 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.prompt-engineering.supervised-fine-tuning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "competes for task adaptation with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Iteration speed and no training cost weighed against reliability, context cost, and control."@en . _:statement1239 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.prompt-engineering.in-context-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "elicits behavior through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model follows instructions or demonstrations in its input."@en . _:statement1240 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lm-program-optimization.prompt-engineering"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "automates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "An end-to-end metric and training examples are available."@en . _:statement1241 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context.in-context-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the demonstrations available to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Demonstrations and instructions share one input budget."@en . _:statement1242 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pretraining.in-context-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gives rise to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sufficient model and data scale."@en . _:statement1243 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.streaming-asr.voice-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the input stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Cascaded designs that transcribe speech before the language model."@en . _:statement1244 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.streaming-asr.on-device-runtime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "On-device recognizers for privacy and latency."@en . _:statement1245 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.latency-budget.voice-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the stages of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Turn latency must stay within conversational expectations."@en . _:statement1246 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-eviction.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the KV portion of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Generation is long enough that cached keys and values dominate accelerator memory."@en . _:statement1247 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-eviction.kv-cache-quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "competes as a KV-compression option with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both target KV memory; they can also be combined."@en . _:statement1248 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-eviction.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects entries using scores from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Importance is estimated from accumulated or recent attention weights."@en . _:statement1249 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamic-sparse-attention.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a runtime-sparsified form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only predicted-important query-key blocks are computed."@en . _:statement1250 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamic-sparse-attention.sliding-window-attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replaces fixed sparsity patterns of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sparsity is chosen per input rather than fixed in advance."@en . _:statement1251 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamic-sparse-attention.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens long-prompt"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Prefill attention over long contexts dominates first-token latency."@en . _:statement1252 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-device-interconnect.cpu-gpu-hybrid-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the transfer rate available to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Activations or KV state cross the host link at each step."@en . _:statement1253 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cpu-gpu-hybrid-inference.kv-cache-offload"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "computes on the host instead of moving state back as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Host memory holds state that exceeds accelerator capacity."@en . _:statement1254 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.heterogeneous-accelerator-execution.pipeline-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "assigns unequal stages through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Stage sizes are matched to each device type's compute and memory."@en . _:statement1255 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.heterogeneous-accelerator-execution.auto-parallelization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "searches placements and plans with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Device types differ in throughput, memory, and interconnect."@en . _:statement1256 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-neural-network.neural-network"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a graph-structured form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Computation follows the input graph's edges."@en . _:statement1257 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-neural-network.sparse-tensor-kernels"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "aggregates neighbor features with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Graph adjacency is stored sparsely."@en . _:statement1258 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-neural-network.neighbor-sampling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trains on large graphs with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Full multi-hop neighborhoods exceed device memory."@en . _:statement1259 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neighbor-sampling.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the per-batch"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Fanout per hop is capped."@en . _:statement1260 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neighbor-sampling.statistical-uncertainty"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds sampling variance to gradient estimates and thus"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sampled neighborhoods approximate full aggregation."@en . _:statement1261 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamic-resharding.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "moves weight shards with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Layouts differ between phases."@en . _:statement1262 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamic-resharding.weight-sync"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "realizes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training and generation share the same devices."@en . _:statement1263 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamic-resharding.device-mesh"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "remaps shards across"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each phase uses a different mesh layout."@en . _:statement1264 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-sparsity.sparsity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an input-dependent form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The zero pattern changes per token."@en . _:statement1265 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-sparsity.pruning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "skips work per input rather than permanently as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Static pruning removes the same weights for every input."@en . _:statement1266 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-sparsity.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Decode is memory-bound and skipped weights need not be read."@en . _:statement1267 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.non-prefix-kv-reuse.prefix-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "generalizes beyond the exact-prefix matching of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Shared chunks appear at different positions across requests."@en . _:statement1268 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.non-prefix-kv-reuse.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Reused chunks such as retrieved documents dominate prompt length."@en . _:statement1269 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-aware-scheduling.elastic-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "resizes jobs through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Jobs tolerate changes in worker count."@en . _:statement1270 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-aware-scheduling.gang-scheduling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "co-allocates workers with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Distributed jobs need all workers simultaneously."@en . _:statement1271 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ml-aware-scheduling.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises cluster-wide"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Jobs' scaling behavior is measured or predicted."@en . _:statement1272 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.adaptive-routing.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens collective"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Few large synchronized flows collide under static hashing."@en . _:statement1273 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.adaptive-routing.fat-tree"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "spreads traffic over the multiple paths of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The fabric offers path diversity between endpoints."@en . _:statement1274 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.all-to-all.incast"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can trigger"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Many ranks send to the same receiver simultaneously."@en . _:statement1275 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.congestion-control.incast"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "throttles senders during"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Senders react to congestion signals before buffers overflow."@en . _:statement1276 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.incast.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Buffers fill and packets queue or drop."@en . _:statement1277 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context.context-selection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the token budget for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Candidate content exceeds the input budget."@en . _:statement1278 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-selection.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gathers candidates with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Relevant items are fetched on demand rather than preloaded."@en . _:statement1279 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-selection.context-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits distractor content that drives"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Irrelevant tokens otherwise dilute attention."@en . _:statement1280 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-memory.context-staleness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can retain facts that produce"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Stored observations are not revalidated after the environment changes."@en . _:statement1281 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.observation-age.context-staleness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "quantifies one dimension of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Observations carry acquisition timestamps."@en . _:statement1282 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-staleness.hallucination"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can lead to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The agent reports or acts on state it observed before later changes."@en . _:statement1283 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-hop-retrieval.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an iterative form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Later queries depend on earlier results."@en . _:statement1284 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rag.multi-hop-retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "answers multi-step questions with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "No single query retrieves all needed evidence."@en . _:statement1285 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-hop-retrieval.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds retrieval rounds to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each hop requires another query and model call."@en . _:statement1286 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.capability-based-security.authorization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a reference-based form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Rights travel with unforgeable tokens."@en . _:statement1287 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.capability-based-security.least-privilege"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "realizes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Delegated capabilities are attenuated to the task's needs."@en . _:statement1288 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ephemeral-sandbox.isolation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides per-task"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each task or tenant receives a fresh environment."@en . _:statement1289 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ephemeral-sandbox.irreversible-effects"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "confines local damage that would otherwise become"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Effects stay inside the sandbox rather than reaching external systems."@en . _:statement1290 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.egress-control.least-privilege"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies to network access"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only destinations the task needs are allowed."@en . _:statement1291 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.egress-control.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "blocks exfiltration channels for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Leakage would otherwise travel over outbound connections."@en . _:statement1292 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ephemeral-sandbox.egress-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "restricts outbound network access with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The sandbox has network access."@en . _:statement1293 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.information-flow-control.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prevents untrusted data from steering actions in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Data from tools and documents carries low-integrity labels."@en . _:statement1294 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.information-flow-control.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "blocks labeled secrets from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Confidential data is tagged at its source."@en . _:statement1295 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compounding-error.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "feeds, in closed loop, the growth of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the shift is the policy-induced change in visited states, so each off-distribution state raises the next per-step error."@en . _:statement1296 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.imitation-learning.compounding-error"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can suffer"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training sees only expert-visited states."@en . _:statement1297 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.action-chunking.compounding-error"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens the effective horizon of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Actions are predicted in multi-step chunks."@en . _:statement1298 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.interactive-imitation.imitation-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an interactive form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "An expert can label states the learner visits."@en . _:statement1299 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.interactive-imitation.compounding-error"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trains on learner-visited states to counter"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Expert corrections are available during data collection."@en . _:statement1300 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.interactive-imitation.teleoperation-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "collects corrections as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Human operators supply corrective actions."@en . _:statement1301 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loss-masking.supervised-fine-tuning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a configuration step in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Examples contain non-target tokens such as prompts or tool output."@en . _:statement1302 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loss-masking.loss"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "defines which tokens contribute to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sequences and turns vary in length."@en . _:statement1303 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.credit-assignment.reinforcement-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a core problem within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Rewards are delayed or episode-level."@en . _:statement1304 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.process-reward-model.credit-assignment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides step-level signals for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Intermediate steps can be judged."@en . _:statement1305 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.actuator-limits.trajectory-feasibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets which motions satisfy"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Planned motions demand force or speed near the actuator's capability."@en . _:statement1306 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-predictive-control.actuator-limits"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "encodes as input constraints"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Limits are known and modeled."@en . _:statement1307 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.watchdog-timer.runtime-assurance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a liveness mechanism within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The monitored component can hang or stall."@en . _:statement1308 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.watchdog-timer.minimal-risk-condition"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "triggers on expiry"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A safe fallback state is defined."@en . _:statement1309 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.closed-loop-evaluation.compounding-error"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reveals"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Errors alter later observations, unlike open-loop replay."@en . _:statement1310 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.xil-testing.closed-loop-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides simulated loops for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The environment model reacts to the system's actions."@en . _:statement1311 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.event-data-recorder.failure-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies reconstruction evidence for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Records cover the interval before and after the event."@en . _:statement1312 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-performance-indicator.event-data-recorder"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is computed from events logged by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Field events are recorded consistently."@en . _:statement1313 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.decision-accountability.algorithmic-audit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides traceable decisions for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Records name the approver and evidence."@en . _:statement1314 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.decision-accountability.contestability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "identifies whom to challenge in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Affected people can see who decided."@en . _:statement1315 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.approval-gate.decision-accountability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records approvals as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each approval is logged with approver identity."@en . _:statement1316 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-interruption.human-oversight"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an intervention mechanism within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operators can act during execution."@en . _:statement1317 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-interruption.compensation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "undoes partial work with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Cancelled work already produced side effects."@en . _:statement1318 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-loop-detection.agent-harness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a progress monitor within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The harness can inspect the trajectory between steps."@en . _:statement1319 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-loop-detection.coordination-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "flags looping instances of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Agents repeat steps or hand work back and forth."@en . _:statement1320 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-loop-detection.agent-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stops stuck runs earlier than"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Progress can be judged before a budget is exhausted."@en . _:statement1321 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.task-and-motion-planning.motion-planning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks each symbolic step with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Actions have geometric preconditions."@en . _:statement1322 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.task-and-motion-planning.trajectory-feasibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "accepts plans only with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Symbolic plans can be geometrically infeasible."@en . _:statement1323 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-object-tracking.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a multi-target form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Several objects are observed with unknown correspondence."@en . _:statement1324 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-object-tracking.recursive-filtering"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "propagates each track with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Object motion is modeled between frames."@en . _:statement1325 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.change-impact-analysis.safety-case"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "traces affected claims through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Claims and evidence are explicitly linked."@en . _:statement1326 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.change-impact-analysis.release-gate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the re-verification scope for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A model, software, data, or ODD change is proposed."@en . _:statement1327 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sparse-tensor-kernels.pruning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on, to turn zeros into wall-clock speedup,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sparsity is high enough to overcome irregular access."@en . _:statement1328 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sparse-tensor-kernels.tensor-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stores nonzeros in compressed formats described by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Nonzeros are kept in formats such as CSR or coordinate lists."@en . _:statement1329 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.local-sgd.data-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a periodically synchronized form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workers hold full model replicas."@en . _:statement1330 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.local-sgd.gradient-compression"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces communication by frequency rather than size as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Bandwidth between workers is scarce."@en . _:statement1331 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federated-averaging.local-sgd"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a federated instance of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Clients run several local epochs before averaging."@en . _:statement1332 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-placement.expert-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a placement decision within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Experts are distributed across devices."@en . _:statement1333 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-placement.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relieves overloaded devices that become"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Routing concentrates tokens on a few experts."@en . _:statement1334 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-placement.load-balancing-loss"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "balances load in the system rather than the model as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Routing remains skewed despite training-time balancing."@en . _:statement1335 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-efficient-optimizer.optimizer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a reduced-state form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Full adaptive state exceeds memory."@en . _:statement1336 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-efficient-optimizer.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks the optimizer-state share of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Optimizer state dominates training memory."@en . _:statement1337 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-efficient-optimizer.state-sharding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks state rather than distributing it as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Few devices are available to shard across."@en . _:statement1338 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.profiling.execution-trace"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operator dependencies are captured along with timings."@en . _:statement1339 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.performance-simulation.execution-trace"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replays workloads from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Traces are in a standardized format."@en . _:statement1340 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.offline-rl.reinforcement-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a fixed-dataset form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "No further environment interaction is allowed."@en . _:statement1341 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.offline-rl.imitation-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can improve on demonstrations unlike"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Logged data carries reward labels."@en . _:statement1342 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distribution-shift.offline-rl"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds what can be learned in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The learned policy visits states the dataset does not cover."@en . _:statement1343 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.byzantine-robust-aggregation.poisoning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the influence of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only a minority of participants are malicious."@en . _:statement1344 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.federated-learning.byzantine-robust-aggregation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "combines client updates with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Clients are untrusted."@en . _:statement1345 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cluster-manager.bin-packing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "places tasks with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Machines have multidimensional resource capacity."@en . _:statement1346 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cluster-manager.resource-quota"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Multiple teams share the cluster."@en . _:statement1347 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cluster-manager.job-preemption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "honors priorities through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Higher-priority work arrives while capacity is full."@en . _:statement1348 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.energy-efficiency.rebound-effect"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can trigger"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Demand for the service is price-elastic."@en . _:statement1349 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rebound-effect.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises total"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Demand growth outpaces per-unit savings."@en . _:statement1350 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-validation.data-cascade"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "catches early defects that start"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Checks run at ingestion and between stages."@en . _:statement1351 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-dependency.data-cascade"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can propagate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Downstream consumers depend on undeclared upstream signals."@en . _:statement1352 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-valuation.data-selection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "ranks candidates for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Value estimates are cheaper than retraining on each subset."@en . _:statement1353 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-valuation.data-quality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates the contribution side of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A utility metric and baseline model are fixed."@en . _:statement1354 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.diffusion-policy.diffusion-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "generates actions with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the action generator reverses a noising process; flow-matching policies integrate a learned flow instead."@en . _:statement1355 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.diffusion-policy.action-chunking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "predicts action sequences as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Actions are generated over a short horizon."@en . _:statement1356 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-spoofing.evasion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "realizes, through counterfeit measurements,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the counterfeit measurements target a learned perception model."@en . _:statement1357 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.sensor-spoofing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cross-checks modalities against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The attacker cannot spoof all modalities consistently."@en . _:statement1358 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.paired-comparison.statistical-uncertainty"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cancels shared item variance from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both systems are scored on the same items."@en . _:statement1359 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.paired-comparison.baseline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tests candidates against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A noninferiority margin is declared in advance."@en . _:statement1360 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.release-gate.paired-comparison"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "decides promotion with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Candidate and incumbent are evaluated on the same set."@en . _:statement1361 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cpu-execution-architecture.accelerator-execution-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a competing execution target to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The workload is small, sparse, or latency-bound enough that host execution is viable."@en . _:statement1362 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cpu-execution-architecture.memory-hierarchy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on caches and DRAM levels of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Performance depends on working-set reuse in the cache levels."@en . _:statement1363 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cpu-gpu-hybrid-inference.cpu-execution-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "offloads selected operators to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Model or KV state exceeds accelerator memory."@en . _:statement1364 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cpu-threading-numa.cpu-execution-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "maps operator work onto the cores and caches of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Inference or preprocessing runs on multicore hosts."@en . _:statement1365 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cpu-threading-numa.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets achieved core utilization through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Thread counts and affinity are configured relative to available cores and NUMA domains."@en . _:statement1366 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamic-shapes.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a concern within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Input dimensions vary across calls to a compiled function."@en . _:statement1367 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamic-shapes.graph-replay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "restricts reuse of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Captured graphs are valid only for the shapes recorded at capture time."@en . _:statement1368 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rule-based-graph-rewriting.compilation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a pass family within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The compiler applies pattern-based passes before lowering."@en . _:statement1369 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rule-based-graph-rewriting.graph-superoptimization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the hand-written counterpart to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both seek semantics-preserving graph transformations; one uses fixed rules, the other searched rewrites."@en . _:statement1370 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rule-based-graph-rewriting.fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes fusible patterns for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Canonicalization places compatible operators adjacent in the graph."@en . _:statement1371 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sparse-ragged-tensors.tensor-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a compressed form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Storage records only nonzero entries or actual sequence extents."@en . _:statement1372 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sparse-ragged-tensors.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Density is low or lengths vary widely, so padding would dominate storage."@en . _:statement1373 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sparse-tensor-kernels.sparse-ragged-tensors"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "operates on operands stored in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Kernels read compressed index structures rather than dense arrays."@en . _:statement1374 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.execution-providers.model-exchange-format"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partitions graphs expressed in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The runtime loads a framework-neutral operator graph."@en . _:statement1375 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-runtime.execution-providers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "delegates subgraphs through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The target device exposes an NPU, GPU, or DSP backend with partial operator coverage."@en . _:statement1376 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.execution-providers.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds host orchestration through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Operator fallback splits the graph and forces cross-backend copies."@en . _:statement1377 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.large-language-model.transformer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is usually built on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Most current language models use decoder-only Transformer stacks."@en . _:statement1378 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pretraining.large-language-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "yields the base weights of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training uses broad corpora and a self-supervised language-modeling objective."@en . _:statement1379 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.large-language-model.neural-network"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a large-scale instance of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model is a parameterized composition of differentiable operations."@en . _:statement1380 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-compute-estimate.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sizes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Dense attention with known layers, KV heads, head dimension, context, and precision."@en . _:statement1381 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.capacity-planning.inference-compute-estimate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sizes accelerators from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Planning precedes measurement on the target system."@en . _:statement1382 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-compute-estimate.flop-accounting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the per-token inference case of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model is a dense transformer served autoregressively."@en . _:statement1383 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sync-async-training.data-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a design choice within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Replicas train on different examples and must coordinate updates."@en . _:statement1384 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.parameter-server.sync-async-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes asynchronous updates practical for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workers push and pull parameters without a global barrier."@en . _:statement1385 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.input-prefetching.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a stage within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Batches are prepared ahead of consumption."@en . _:statement1386 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.input-prefetching.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises accelerator utilization by hiding input latency behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Input preparation would otherwise stall compute."@en . _:statement1387 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.event-time-windowing.stream-processing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a mechanism within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Events carry timestamps and can arrive out of order."@en . _:statement1388 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.event-time-windowing.feature-freshness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the staleness of streaming features through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Window size and allowed lateness bound when an aggregate is emitted."@en . _:statement1389 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.token-streaming.backpressure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on flow control from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Clients consume output more slowly than the server generates it."@en . _:statement1390 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tpot.token-streaming"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "quantifies the delivery cadence of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Output is returned token by token after the first."@en . _:statement1391 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.serverless-inference.stateless-serving-function"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "packages models as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Any instance must be able to serve any request."@en . _:statement1392 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cold-start.serverless-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the latency attainable by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Replicas scale from zero and must load weights before serving."@en . _:statement1393 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-request-scheduling.continuous-batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reorders requests inside"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Scheduling decisions occur at each generation iteration."@en . _:statement1394 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-request-scheduling.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shapes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Long and short generations share capacity under load."@en . _:statement1395 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.containerization.dependency-environment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "packages"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The image pins packages, native libraries, and runtime configuration."@en . _:statement1396 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.containerization.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes reruns practical for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Images are versioned and run unchanged across machines."@en . _:statement1397 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distributed-hang-diagnosis.gray-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "identifies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A slow or stuck rank stalls collectives without crashing."@en . _:statement1398 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distributed-hang-diagnosis.watchdog-timer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "flags stalls with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Collectives and ranks are expected to make progress within a timeout."@en . _:statement1399 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.benchmark-representativeness.workload"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "depends on an accurate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The benchmark is used to predict deployed behavior."@en . _:statement1400 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-load-scenario.benchmark-representativeness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets how closely measured results match deployment for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Arrival pattern and latency constraint are chosen to mirror the target service."@en . _:statement1401 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-model-licensing.data-acquisition"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "restricts which sources can enter"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Datasets or weights carry use, redistribution, or field-of-use terms."@en . _:statement1402 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-governance.data-model-licensing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces terms recorded in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Access and use decisions must respect license obligations."@en . _:statement1403 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.risk-tiered-regulation.content-provenance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can mandate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Regulation requires machine-readable marking of synthetic content."@en . _:statement1404 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fleet-data-engine.active-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects uploads with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Triggers prioritize uncertain or rare events for labeling."@en . _:statement1405 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fleet-data-engine.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "counters"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Mined data covers conditions the deployed fleet now encounters."@en . _:statement1406 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.robotics-middleware.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds transport, serialization, and executor queuing delay to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When sensing, inference, and control run as separate communicating nodes rather than in one process."@en . _:statement1407 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.robotics-middleware"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "receives synchronized sensor streams through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sensors publish on separate topics consumed by a fusion node."@en . _:statement1408 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reinforcement-learning.parallel-simulation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gathers experience from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Training runs in simulation before physical deployment."@en . _:statement1409 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.domain-randomization.parallel-simulation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "samples randomized environments from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Simulator parameters can be varied per environment instance."@en . _:statement1410 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-credentials.least-privilege"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "realizes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Credentials are scoped to the task and expire after it."@en . _:statement1411 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-credentials.capability-based-security"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "issues attenuated rights through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Delegated tokens carry narrower scope than the user holds."@en . _:statement1412 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-neural-network.gnn-graph-partitioning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scales training across workers with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The graph and its features exceed one device or machine."@en . _:statement1413 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.neighbor-sampling.gnn-graph-partitioning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws mini-batches across"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Distributed training samples neighborhoods that span partitions."@en . _:statement1414 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-data-loader.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the single-machine stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Examples are decoded and collated on the training host."@en . _:statement1415 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-data-loader.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds accelerator utilization through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Per-batch preprocessing time approaches the accelerator step time."@en . _:statement1416 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.input-prefetching.host-data-loader"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "overlaps loading with compute in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Worker processes prepare batches ahead of the training step."@en . _:statement1417 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.streaming-asr.streaming-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is streaming inference over audio"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Audio arrives in chunks and partial transcripts are emitted before the utterance ends."@en . _:statement1418 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.streaming-inference.backpressure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "relies on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Input or output rates can outpace the other side of the stream."@en . _:statement1419 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-api.model-server"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the request interface of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Clients call the model over a network protocol."@en . _:statement1420 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-api.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds serialization time to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Payloads are large, such as images or long token sequences."@en . _:statement1421 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.request-throughput.latency-throughput-curve"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the horizontal axis of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Latency is measured across offered loads."@en . _:statement1422 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.request-throughput.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an upper bound on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Goodput counts only completed requests that meet their latency targets."@en . _:statement1423 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.latency-percentiles.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "quantifies"@en ; taxmeta:condition "High percentiles such as p99 are reported."@en . _:statement1424 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.latency-percentiles.service-level-indicator"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a common form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The SLO is stated as a percentile under a threshold."@en . _:statement1425 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cache-aware-routing.prefix-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "routes requests to replicas holding compatible cached prefixes of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When requests share prompt prefixes or belong to multi-turn sessions and the cached prefix is replica-local."@en . _:statement1426 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cache-aware-routing.load-balancing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades cache reuse against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Popular prefixes concentrate traffic on a few replicas."@en . _:statement1427 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.process-group-rendezvous.collective-communication"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "establishes the communicators used by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Every rank must join before the first collective."@en . _:statement1428 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.process-group-rendezvous.elastic-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "re-runs"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workers join or leave and groups are rebuilt."@en . _:statement1429 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agentic-workload.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "grows the size and reuse of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each step resends a growing shared context to the same model."@en . _:statement1430 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.workload.agentic-workload"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "quantifies the demands of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The workload is a multi-step agent trajectory rather than independent requests."@en . _:statement1431 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.performance-regression-testing.benchmark"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "repeatedly runs"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each change is benchmarked against a stored baseline."@en . _:statement1432 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.performance-regression-testing.ml-ci-cd"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a gate in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Performance thresholds can block a merge or release."@en . _:statement1433 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.measurement-variability.benchmark"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the precision of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Differences between systems are comparable to run-to-run spread."@en . _:statement1434 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.measurement-variability.profiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "confounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Asynchronous kernels are timed without synchronization or warm-up."@en . _:statement1435 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pii-deidentification.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the risk of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Identifiers are removed before training or logging."@en . _:statement1436 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pii-deidentification.data-governance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Data contains personal information subject to regulation."@en . _:statement1437 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-clipping.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "suppresses"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Instability arises from occasional very large gradients."@en . _:statement1438 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-clipping.optimizer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is applied in the update step of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Gradients are clipped before the optimizer step."@en . _:statement1439 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-initialization.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prevents early"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Networks are deep and use rectifier or residual blocks."@en . _:statement1440 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hyperparameter-transfer.weight-initialization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prescribes width-dependent scales for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Hyperparameters tuned on a small model are reused at a larger width."@en . _:statement1441 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.delivery-semantics.idempotency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "achieves effectively-once results with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Records may be redelivered after failures."@en . _:statement1442 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.delivery-semantics.stream-processing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a guarantee of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The pipeline retries or replays records after failures."@en . _:statement1443 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-feature-consistency.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prevents"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Online and offline stores are populated by separate jobs."@en . _:statement1444 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-feature-consistency.feature-freshness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Features are updated faster than they can be materialized consistently."@en . _:statement1445 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ood-detection.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "flags individual inputs affected by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Inputs fall outside the training distribution."@en . _:statement1446 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ood-detection.selective-prediction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies abstention signals to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The system may defer uncertain inputs."@en . _:statement1447 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-feature-compatibility.rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Model, features, and consumers are released on different schedules."@en . _:statement1448 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-feature-compatibility.schema-evolution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can break"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A schema change is not mirrored in the model's feature transformations."@en . _:statement1449 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.secrets-management.least-privilege"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Credentials are scoped per workload and rotated."@en . _:statement1450 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-credentials.secrets-management"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Agents act with credentials issued by the platform."@en . _:statement1451 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deletion-propagation.machine-unlearning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends to models through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Deleted data has already been used for training."@en . _:statement1452 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deletion-propagation.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "locates copies through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Derived datasets and features record their sources."@en . _:statement1453 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-fragmentation.caching-allocator"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tensor sizes vary across steps or requests."@en . _:statement1454 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-fragmentation.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "inflates reserved"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Freed blocks cannot be reused for new allocation sizes."@en . _:statement1455 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.perception-latency-budget.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the sensing share of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Perception runs inside the control loop."@en . _:statement1456 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.perception-latency-budget.robot-perception"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds model size and resolution for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Perception runs on fixed onboard hardware."@en . _:statement1457 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.onboard-compute-partitioning.mixed-criticality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "respects"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Safety-critical and best-effort tasks share hardware."@en . _:statement1458 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.onboard-compute-partitioning.placement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is execution placement on a robot"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workloads can run on several onboard processors or be offloaded."@en . _:statement1459 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.health-checks.load-balancing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tells which replicas may receive traffic from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Replicas can be unhealthy or still loading weights."@en . _:statement1460 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.health-checks.cold-start"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps traffic away from replicas in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A replica reports ready only after its model is loaded and warmed."@en . _:statement1461 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.python-gil.host-dispatch-overhead"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "serializes and adds to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Several Python threads issue work concurrently."@en . _:statement1462 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.python-gil.host-data-loader"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "pushes preprocessing into worker processes in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Preprocessing runs in Python, so loaders use worker processes rather than threads."@en . _:statement1463 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.flash-endurance.on-device-model-update"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the frequency of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Updates and logs are written to on-device flash."@en . _:statement1464 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.flash-endurance.microcontroller"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the write budget of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The device stores weights and data in flash."@en . _:statement1465 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.intermittent-computing.mcu-device"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "typically runs on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "On energy-harvesting deployments built around microcontroller-class processors."@en . _:statement1466 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.intermittent-computing.checkpointing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "requires fine-grained"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Power can fail mid-inference."@en . _:statement1467 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mmap-weights.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes duplicate copies from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Several processes serve the same read-only weights."@en . _:statement1468 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mmap-weights.cold-start"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only the pages touched by the first requests must load."@en . _:statement1469 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.os-memory-pressure.on-device-memory-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The OS kills or pages out apps that exceed their memory limit."@en . _:statement1470 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mmap-weights.os-memory-pressure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes weight pages reclaimable without killing the process under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When file-backed pages can be dropped and reread instead of the app being terminated."@en . _:statement1471 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.managed-runtime-interop.on-device-runtime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds copy and pause overhead to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The app calls native inference from a managed language."@en . _:statement1472 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.managed-runtime-interop.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds garbage-collection pauses to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Large buffers are allocated on the managed heap per request."@en . _:statement1473 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.zero-copy-dma.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes copy time from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sensor data feeds a latency-critical loop."@en . _:statement1474 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.sensor-interference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can outvote corrupted readings from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Independent modalities observe the same scene."@en . _:statement1475 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-propagation-delay.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets a floor under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requests cross regions or continents."@en . _:statement1476 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-propagation-delay.alpha-beta"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "contributes to the latency term of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Messages travel long physical distances."@en . _:statement1477 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cap-tradeoff.consensus"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "forces a minority partition to stop answering in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A partition separates replicas."@en . _:statement1478 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cap-tradeoff.feature-freshness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "decides whether stale values are served for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Feature or model replicas span regions that can partition."@en . _:statement1479 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gossip-averaging.federated-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "coordinates, without a central server,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When participants are separately controlled data holders that exchange model updates with peers rather than with a server."@en . _:statement1480 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gossip-averaging.allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replaces global collectives with neighbor exchange"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Global synchronization is too slow or unreliable."@en . _:statement1481 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.interrupt-latency.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sensor events are delivered through interrupts."@en . _:statement1482 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transformer-variants.transformer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "are arrangements of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Models are built from Transformer blocks."@en . _:statement1483 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transformer-variants.prefill-decode"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "decides whether serving has separate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The model generates output autoregressively."@en . _:statement1484 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-transfer-cost.unit-cost"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Data, checkpoints, or responses cross billed network boundaries."@en . _:statement1485 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-transfer-cost.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a component of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Workloads span zones, regions, or providers."@en . _:statement1486 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.duty-cycling.idle-dynamic-power"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exploits the gap between"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sleep power is far below active power."@en . _:statement1487 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.duty-cycling.energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cuts average"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Sensing and inference are needed only intermittently."@en . _:statement1488 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.priority-inversion.real-time-scheduling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "breaks the guarantees of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Tasks of different priorities share a lock or resource."@en . _:statement1489 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.priority-inversion.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can unboundedly extend"@en ; taxmeta:condition "No priority inheritance protocol is in place."@en . _:statement1490 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.randomized-smoothing.evasion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provably bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Perturbations are within the certified radius."@en . _:statement1491 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.randomized-smoothing.adversarial-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades inference cost for certified guarantees against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A provable bound is required rather than empirical robustness."@en . _:statement1492 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-interconnect.zero-copy-dma"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "moves data arriving over"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The peripheral supports direct memory access."@en . _:statement1493 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.finite-buffer.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps, by dropping or blocking arrivals once full, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the buffer bound is reached under bursty input; blocked or dropped arrivals pay loss or upstream delay instead of waiting."@en . _:statement1494 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.finite-buffer.backpressure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prevents overflow of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Upstream producers can slow down when the buffer fills."@en . _:statement1495 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ui-thread-inference.on-device-runtime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "schedules calls into"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The app has a main thread that must stay responsive."@en . _:statement1496 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ui-thread-inference.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes inference time from interactive"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Inference takes longer than a frame interval."@en . _:statement1497 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-head-latent-attention.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks the per-token footprint of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the latent and any decoupled positional components are smaller than the per-head keys and values they replace."@en . _:statement1498 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-head-latent-attention.grouped-query-attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative KV-size lever to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When an architecture chooses how to reduce cached attention state at design time."@en . _:statement1499 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-head-latent-attention.attention"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a variant of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When keys and values are produced from a shared compressed representation."@en . _:statement1500 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-data-extraction.privacy-leakage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reveals training content as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When recovered training examples reveal information about people or records."@en . _:statement1501 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dp-sgd.training-data-extraction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the per-example memorization behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the privacy budget is small enough to limit each example's influence, at a utility cost."@en . _:statement1502 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deduplication.training-data-extraction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers extractable memorization by removing the repeated sequences behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When near-duplicates are removed from the pretraining corpus."@en . _:statement1503 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.system-identification.domain-randomization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "narrows the reality gap by measurement instead of randomizing over"@en ; taxmeta:condition "As a way to close the sim-to-real dynamics gap when parameters are observable in logged data; the two are often combined."@en . _:statement1504 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.system-identification.model-predictive-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies the model required by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When MPC uses a physics-based rather than learned dynamics model."@en . _:statement1505 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.system-identification.sim-to-real"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "aligns simulated dynamics with hardware for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When identified plant and actuator parameters are imported into the training simulator."@en . _:statement1506 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.off-policy-evaluation.online-experiment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates offline what is otherwise measured by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When logs record action propensities and the new policy's actions are covered by the logged ones."@en . _:statement1507 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.off-policy-evaluation.inference-logging"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "needs logged actions, propensities, and outcomes from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the deployed policy is stochastic or its propensities are recorded."@en . _:statement1508 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.off-policy-evaluation.decision-policy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates the expected outcome of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the logging policy gave nonzero probability to the candidate's actions and unmeasured confounding is bounded."@en . _:statement1509 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-schedule.pipeline-bubble"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the idle fraction known as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a given number of stages and microbatches; fill-drain, one-forward-one-backward, interleaved, and zero-bubble orders give different bubbles."@en . _:statement1510 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-schedule.pipeline-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the execution order of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a model is partitioned into pipeline stages."@en . _:statement1511 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pipeline-schedule.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets how many microbatches' activations each stage holds in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When stages keep forward activations until the matching backward pass runs."@en . _:statement1512 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequence-packing.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "forms the packed-batch construction stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the training input pipeline assembles multiple examples into each pack."@en . _:statement1513 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequence-packing.model-flops-utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes pad-token work to raise"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When variable-length examples would otherwise be padded to the batch's longest sequence."@en . _:statement1514 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.document-chunking.tokenization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses token counts to enforce chunk boundaries"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For token-budgeted chunkers, whose sizes and overlaps are specified in model tokens."@en . _:statement1515 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.document-chunking.dense-retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the unit embedded and returned by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When documents exceed encoder limits or one document vector would blur distinct topics."@en . _:statement1516 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.document-chunking.rag"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "defines the indexed units of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the RAG application builds its retrieval corpus from document chunks."@en . _:statement1517 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.resource-exhaustion-attack.energy-per-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "inflates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When inputs are chosen to defeat sparsity, early exit, or bounded output length."@en . _:statement1518 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.admission.resource-exhaustion-attack"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps per-client work to blunt"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-client quotas and token or step limits are enforced."@en . _:statement1519 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.resource-exhaustion-attack.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes completed useful work away from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When attacker-amplified requests contend for shared compute, KV-cache memory, or tool-execution slots."@en . _:statement1520 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.generated-content-watermarking.content-provenance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "marks the content itself instead of attaching signed metadata as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the requirement is identifying output from a participating generator, rather than verifying signed origin and edit history."@en . _:statement1521 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.generated-content-watermarking.sampling-controls"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "biases token choice through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For token-sampling text watermarks applied during decoding."@en . _:statement1522 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.generated-content-watermarking.algorithmic-audit"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports generated-origin checks in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When an audit uses a compatible detector on marked outputs."@en . _:statement1523 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-merging.multi-adapter-serving"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "folds several fine-tunes into one weight set instead of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the fine-tunes need not stay separately addressable and the merged model keeps acceptable quality on each task."@en . _:statement1524 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-merging.catastrophic-forgetting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Relative to the fine-tuned model alone, when interpolating with the pretrained base improves measured retention on the original tasks."@en . _:statement1525 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.optical-circuit-switching.network-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines the active endpoint connectivity"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When circuit configurations change which endpoints have direct optical paths."@en . _:statement1526 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.optical-circuit-switching.all-to-all"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports traffic-matched exchange schedules for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the exchange pattern is stable long enough that reconfiguration time, typically milliseconds, is amortized."@en . _:statement1527 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.co-packaged-optics.data-movement-energy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can reduce interface energy per delivered bit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Compared with pluggable optical modules, with optical conversion and laser power included in the accounting."@en . _:statement1528 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.co-packaged-optics.advanced-accelerator-packaging"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "integrates optical engines through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When optical engines share a package substrate or interposer with the switch or compute die."@en . _:statement1529 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.advanced-accelerator-packaging.hbm"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses closely integrated stacked memory"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a compute package connects processor dies to HBM stacks through dense package-level interfaces."@en . _:statement1530 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.advanced-accelerator-packaging.thermal-dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "determines package heat paths and thermal coupling"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When die placement, stacking, and bonding geometry constrain heat removal."@en . _:statement1531 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.motion-forecasting.multi-object-tracking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes agent histories from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When surrounding agents are tracked with persistent identities over time."@en . _:statement1532 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.motion-planning.motion-forecasting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "plans against the predicted occupancy from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In environments shared with other moving agents such as people or vehicles."@en . _:statement1533 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.representational-bias-evaluation.sliced-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compares portrayals across groups through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When outputs for different groups are measured separately."@en . _:statement1534 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.representational-bias-evaluation.llm-judge"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scores outputs at scale with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When scoring is done by a model grader rather than classifiers or likelihood comparisons, and the grader's own bias is measured."@en . _:statement1535 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.group-relative-policy-optimization.reinforcement-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes policy optimization within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When group-relative advantages drive policy updates."@en . _:statement1536 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.group-relative-policy-optimization.rl-rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses grouped sampled responses from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When several responses or trajectories are sampled for each prompt."@en . _:statement1537 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.group-relative-policy-optimization.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes the critic model's parameters and optimizer state from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Compared with PPO-style actor-critic training that keeps a separate value model."@en . _:statement1538 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inter-token-latency.token-streaming"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures gaps in incremental output delivery"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When timestamps and the number of tokens carried by each streamed output are recorded."@en . _:statement1539 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inter-token-latency.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "decides whether streamed requests count toward"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the service objective bounds per-gap latency, with workload and other acceptance criteria fixed."@en . _:statement1540 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hybrid-retrieval.lexical-retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses lexical candidate retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When exact terms, identifiers, or keyword matches contribute a candidate list."@en . _:statement1541 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hybrid-retrieval.dense-retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses embedding-based candidate retrieval"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When semantic similarity contributes a candidate list that is fused with lexical results."@en . _:statement1542 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fpga-acceleration.domain-specific-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "implements workload-specialized hardware"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the configured fabric realizes an ML accelerator datapath."@en . _:statement1543 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fpga-acceleration.dataflow"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses explicit operand placement and streaming schedules"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When operators are mapped onto configured arithmetic and memory resources."@en . _:statement1544 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-initiated-communication.rdma"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses direct remote-memory transport"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For inter-node transfers over a device-initiated RDMA path."@en . _:statement1545 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.device-initiated-communication.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces per-exchange host orchestration"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When device-side communication replaces repeated host launches or host-issued communication operations."@en . _:statement1546 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.synthetic-data.model-collapse"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause recursive distributional degradation"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When successive generations train mainly on earlier models' outputs without retaining real data."@en . _:statement1547 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-collapse.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces performance on the original target distribution"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When disappearing modes or tails remain relevant to evaluation and deployment."@en . _:statement1548 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.action-tokenization.quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses discretization of continuous action information"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When continuous commands or transformed action coefficients are mapped to a finite vocabulary."@en . _:statement1549 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.action-tokenization.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the sequential decoding work in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When actions are decoded autoregressively and architecture, hardware, and action horizon are held fixed."@en . _:statement1550 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.action-tokenization.vla-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the action output representation of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For vision-language-action models that emit actions as tokens."@en . _:statement1551 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.wafer-scale-acceleration.domain-specific-architecture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "specializes accelerator organization at wafer scale"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the wafer-scale device is designed for ML computation."@en . _:statement1552 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.wafer-scale-acceleration.dataflow"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses explicit operand and intermediate placement"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When work is mapped across distributed compute tiles and local memories."@en . _:statement1553 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedding-migration.model-feature-compatibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps query and corpus encoders aligned through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When query encoders and stored corpus representations change across releases."@en . _:statement1554 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedding-migration.feature-backfill"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "re-encodes historical corpus records in shadow indexes using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Before switching live query traffic to the new embedding model."@en . _:statement1555 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.register-pressure.occupancy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the number of resident warps in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-thread register allocation times threads per block exceeds the register file."@en . _:statement1556 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.register-pressure.tiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the register-tile size usable in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When sizing thread-level accumulator tiles in matrix-multiply or attention kernels."@en . _:statement1557 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.software-pipelining.async-data-movement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "issues the multi-stage copies it overlaps through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "On hardware with asynchronous copy support."@en . _:statement1558 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.software-pipelining.on-chip-sram"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "allocates two or more stage buffers in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "So loads for the next iteration do not overwrite operands the current iteration still reads."@en . _:statement1559 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.software-pipelining.tiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "overlaps the loads and compute of successive tiles from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a kernel's loop iterates over tiles staged through on-chip memory."@en . _:statement1560 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ecc-memory.silent-data-corruption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "turns many would-be silent memory corruptions into corrected or reported faults, limiting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For errors within the code's correction and detection strength, in ECC-protected memory."@en . _:statement1561 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ecc-memory.availability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps jobs running through correctable errors, raising"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When correctable memory errors would otherwise crash jobs or corrupt their results."@en . _:statement1562 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.integer-only-inference.quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs on values represented by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When every operator executes in integer arithmetic."@en . _:statement1563 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-runtime.integer-only-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "executes fully integer operator graphs through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the runtime targets an embedded device without a floating-point unit."@en . _:statement1564 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.edge-npu.integer-only-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "accepts only fixed-point operator graphs lowered by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For NPUs that support only integer operators."@en . _:statement1565 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.execute-in-place.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps frozen weights out of working SRAM in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When read-only parameters stay in memory-mapped flash during inference."@en . _:statement1566 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.microcontroller.execute-in-place"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs models whose weights exceed on-chip SRAM via"@en ; taxmeta:condition "On microcontrollers whose flash is memory-mapped onto the processor bus."@en . _:statement1567 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-bandwidth.execute-in-place"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the weight-fetch rate of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Flash read bandwidth and wait states bound execute-in-place inference when operators reuse weights little."@en . _:statement1568 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.prompt-injection.confused-deputy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can steer a privileged agent into"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When injected instructions induce a privileged agent to perform an action the untrusted party was not authorized to request."@en . _:statement1569 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.capability-based-security.confused-deputy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "binds each action to narrow, task-scoped authority to prevent"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When ambient user or service credentials are replaced with attenuated capabilities."@en . _:statement1570 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-credentials.confused-deputy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scopes and brokers per-action tokens outside model context to limit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tool calls require explicit user- and resource-scoped delegation."@en . _:statement1571 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.judge-bias.llm-judge"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "distorts rankings and win-rate estimates produced by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When candidate responses differ in length, formatting, or presentation order."@en . _:statement1572 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.human-evaluation.judge-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures the size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When human labels are collected on a calibration sample."@en . _:statement1573 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.guardrails.over-refusal"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a safety check or refusal policy incorrectly blocks a benign request."@en . _:statement1574 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.over-refusal.slo-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "rejects valid requests, reducing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When benign task completion is required for work to count as useful."@en . _:statement1575 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.coordinate-frames"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "projects heterogeneous sensor measurements into a common reference frame using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Before combining camera, lidar, radar, and inertial observations."@en . _:statement1576 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensing.coordinate-frames"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "yields the static mounting transforms of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When sensors are calibrated on the physical platform."@en . _:statement1577 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.coordinate-frames.slam"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tracks the evolving transform between map, odometry, and base frames for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "During continuous state estimation and loop closure."@en . _:statement1578 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-degradation.operating-domain"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains the weather, lighting, and visibility conditions admitted in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Unless detected at runtime and mitigated by complementary modalities or fallback."@en . _:statement1579 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-fusion.sensor-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "combines modalities with distinct physical failure modes to mitigate"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When complementary sensors retain useful measurements and fusion handles degraded inputs."@en . _:statement1580 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-curriculum.data-mixture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "schedules over the course of training"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the curriculum changes source proportions between training phases."@en . _:statement1581 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-curriculum.context-extension"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises sequence length late in pretraining to support"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When positional handling supports the longer lengths and evaluation verifies useful behavior at them."@en . _:statement1582 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-curriculum.pretraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "structures the data schedule of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When pretraining runs in phases with different data distributions."@en . _:statement1583 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.streaming-dataset-format.dataset-storage-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the sequential-shard form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When small records are packed into large files read sequentially from object storage or remote file systems."@en . _:statement1584 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.streaming-dataset-format.object-storage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "streams contiguous byte ranges from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When shards live in object storage rather than on a local file system."@en . _:statement1585 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.streaming-dataset-format.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supports sharded, resumable reads for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the loader also checkpoints shard assignment, record progress, and shuffle state."@en . _:statement1586 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.collective-algorithm-selection.alpha-beta-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "chooses the crossover message size between latency- and bandwidth-optimal schedules using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tuning collective execution across intra-node and inter-node links."@en . _:statement1587 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.collective-algorithm-selection.ring-allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects, for large messages,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When message size is large relative to participant count."@en . _:statement1588 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.collective-algorithm-selection.tree-allreduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects, for small messages or many participants,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-step latency dominates transfer time."@en . _:statement1589 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.always-on-cascade.duty-cycling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps the main application processor asleep until triggered using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "While the low-power island continuously monitors raw sensor streams."@en . _:statement1590 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.always-on-cascade.model-cascade"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies the staged escalation of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the wake-up stage is itself a small model rather than a sensing circuit."@en . _:statement1591 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.always-on-cascade.energy-per-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "rejects background frames on low-power hardware to lower the average"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Averaged per sensed frame over long idle intervals, not per main-model inference."@en . _:statement1592 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fault-tree-analysis.hazard-analysis"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a method of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the analysis starts from a defined hazardous top event."@en . _:statement1593 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fault-tree-analysis.failure-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "combines the basic fault events of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When defining the fault events and assumptions the tree combines."@en . _:statement1594 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retry-backoff.metastable-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "damps the retry amplification that sustains"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When retries are jittered and capped by a retry budget."@en . _:statement1595 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.admission.metastable-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sheds the excess load that sustains"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When early rejection lowers admitted load below the degraded system's recovery threshold long enough to break the feedback loop."@en . _:statement1596 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fan-out-tail-amplification.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When completion waits for all subrequests and their slow events are not perfectly coincident."@en . _:statement1597 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hedged-requests.fan-out-tail-amplification"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cuts the slow-subrequest tail behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When alternate replicas have independent delays, spare capacity exists, and redundant work is cancelled."@en . _:statement1598 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.group-fairness-metric.proxy-discrimination"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "measures the disparity produced by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When controlled comparisons or causal evidence isolate the part of the disparity due to proxy features."@en . _:statement1599 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bias-mitigation.proxy-discrimination"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces the disparity from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When mitigation constrains outcomes rather than only dropping the attribute."@en . _:statement1600 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cross-embodiment-training.teleoperation-data"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "pools"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When demonstrations come from several robot types."@en . _:statement1601 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cross-embodiment-training.data-mixture"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "weights robot datasets through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When embodiments contribute very unequal amounts of data."@en . _:statement1602 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dual-rate-hierarchical-policy.action-chunking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "decouples model rate from control rate differently from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the large model is too slow to emit a new chunk before the current one runs out."@en . _:statement1603 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dual-rate-hierarchical-policy.vla-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "queries, as its slow high-level layer,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the slow layer is a vision-language-action model."@en . _:statement1604 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.trajectory-feasibility.robot-kinematics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks joint limits and singularities through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a task-space trajectory must be mapped into joint space."@en . _:statement1605 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.motion-planning.robot-kinematics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "maps between task and configuration space with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When goals are given as end-effector poses."@en . _:statement1606 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization-granularity.quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a design choice within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When choosing scales for weights, activations, or caches."@en . _:statement1607 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization-granularity.activation-outliers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "isolates the range inflation from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When groups split along the outlier channels, per channel or finer."@en . _:statement1608 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.block-scaled-format.quantization-granularity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fixes in hardware a fine-grained choice of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the number format itself carries one shared scale per small block."@en . _:statement1609 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-training-environment.rl-rollout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides the world acted in during"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When rollouts are multi-turn and call tools."@en . _:statement1610 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-training-environment.ephemeral-sandbox"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "isolates each episode with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When episodes execute code or mutate files."@en . _:statement1611 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-directed-control-flow.workflow-orchestration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replaces code-defined step selection in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the steps cannot be enumerated in advance."@en . _:statement1612 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-directed-control-flow.agent-harness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the decision loop inside"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the harness lets model outputs choose the next action."@en . _:statement1613 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-budget.model-directed-control-flow"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the runs of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the harness enforces step, token, or cost limits on model-chosen actions."@en . _:statement1614 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.misuse-monitoring.inference-logging"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "analyzes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When logs keep enough request context and retention policy allows."@en . _:statement1615 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.misuse-monitoring.jailbreak"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "detects patterns of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When request and output traces show an actual policy bypass, with cross-session correlation supporting the diagnosis."@en . _:statement1616 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.masked-diffusion-decoding.diffusion-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "generates text with a discrete denoising model from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a language model is trained to predict masked tokens over several refinement passes."@en . _:statement1617 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.masked-diffusion-decoding.prefix-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits unchanged-prefix state reuse in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When refinement passes can revise earlier positions, so a fixed prefix's attention state is not final."@en . _:statement1618 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.residual-connection.transformer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "wraps each attention and feed-forward sublayer of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In standard pre-norm and post-norm transformer blocks."@en . _:statement1619 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.residual-connection.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "helps keep deep stacks trainable to limit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When identity shortcuts and residual-branch scaling are used in networks deep enough that gradients through stacked layers would otherwise degrade."@en . _:statement1620 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-task-learning.multi-model-serving"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "consolidates several tasks into one shared-backbone model instead of hosting separate models in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tasks share inputs and enough representation that one backbone serves them without unacceptable quality loss."@en . _:statement1621 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-task-learning.transfer-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "learns tasks jointly rather than carrying learning across as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When several related tasks are available at training time."@en . _:statement1622 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recovery-objectives.checkpoint-interval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the longest acceptable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When recovery restarts from the last checkpoint and the RPO is shorter than the interval that failure rate and write cost would otherwise favor."@en . _:statement1623 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recovery-objectives.replication-failover"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the recovery speed required of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the RTO is shorter than the time to restore from a checkpoint, so a standby must take over."@en . _:statement1624 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.incremental-checkpointing.checkpoint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces, as a base plus a chain of changes,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When only a fraction of the state, such as touched embedding rows, changes between checkpoints."@en . _:statement1625 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.incremental-checkpointing.checkpoint-io"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cuts the bytes written by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the changed fraction of state is small; restore must read the base and every later delta."@en . _:statement1626 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multiple-comparisons.selection-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits false declarations of a winner that feed"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When many candidates, metrics, or slices are compared on the same evaluation data; it does not correct the winner's overstated effect size."@en . _:statement1627 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-experiment.multiple-comparisons"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "controls error rates across many decision metrics with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When an experiment's launch decision rests on several metrics or segments."@en . _:statement1628 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-assisted-labeling.labels"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades annotation throughput against the quality of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When annotators review model drafts rather than labeling from scratch, so anchoring can carry model errors into labels."@en . _:statement1629 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-assisted-labeling.weak-supervision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps a per-item human review step that is not part of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the label budget allows human confirmation of each draft label."@en . _:statement1630 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.forward-error-correction.scale-up-interconnect"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "corrects bit errors on the links of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When high-speed SerDes links run a FEC code on every hop, adding decoding delay to each."@en . _:statement1631 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rdma.forward-error-correction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "avoids costly go-back-N retransmissions on fast links through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the RDMA transport recovers from loss by go-back-N retransmission, so even rare uncorrected bit errors would stall throughput."@en . _:statement1632 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.object-storage.erasure-coding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "protects stored objects with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the store keeps parity fragments rather than full copies."@en . _:statement1633 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.erasure-coding.replication-failover"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides storage durability with less overhead than the full-copy replication in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For durable stored data at comparable failure tolerance, not for request failover; reads after a loss pay reconstruction cost."@en . _:statement1634 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bandwidth-delay-product.congestion-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the window that"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a window-controlled flow must keep a long or fast path full while acknowledgments are in flight."@en . _:statement1635 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-propagation-delay.bandwidth-delay-product"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the round-trip floor of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For a single path; queueing and processing delay add to the round-trip time."@en . _:statement1636 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.backfill-scheduling.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fills idle resources to raise"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When job runtime estimates are accurate enough that backfilled jobs finish before the reserved start."@en . _:statement1637 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.backfill-scheduling.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens the wait of small jobs in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When small jobs fit into gaps ahead of a large gang job's reserved start and their runtime estimates are accurate."@en . _:statement1638 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.traffic-classes.performance-interference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "isolates competing flows to limit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When collective, storage, and control traffic share the same links and switches and are mapped to separate classes."@en . _:statement1639 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lossless-fabric.traffic-classes"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies pause-based flow control per priority class through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the fabric is made lossless with priority flow control, as in RoCE, rather than with credit-based link flow control."@en . _:statement1640 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.telemetry-sampling.observability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trades telemetry cost against the investigative reach of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When sampling drops the records, or aggregation drops the label detail, that would explain a rare failure."@en . _:statement1641 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distributed-tracing.telemetry-sampling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps a fraction of request traces through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When recording every span for every request would exceed storage or processing budgets."@en . _:statement1642 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.zero-copy-dma.dma-cache-maintenance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stays correct on non-coherent hardware only with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the CPU accesses cached buffers that a sensor or accelerator also accesses by DMA without hardware coherence."@en . _:statement1643 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.coherent-interconnect.dma-cache-maintenance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replaces in hardware the software work of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the link keeps device and host caches coherent, making explicit cache maintenance unnecessary."@en . _:statement1644 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-offloading.cpu-gpu-hybrid-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "moves expert weights to the accelerator instead of computing on the host as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When mixture-of-experts weights exceed accelerator memory and must stay partly in host memory."@en . _:statement1645 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-device-interconnect.expert-offloading"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the expert-loading rate of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each batch needs experts that are not already resident in accelerator memory."@en . _:statement1646 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.expert-offloading.expert-routing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "prefetches the experts predicted by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When routing for upcoming layers or batches can be predicted early enough to hide the transfer."@en . _:statement1647 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.variable-length-parallelism.sequence-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "varies the degree and layout of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When training sequence lengths vary widely within and across steps."@en . _:statement1648 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.variable-length-parallelism.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "rebalances per-rank attention work to limit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a few long documents would otherwise make some ranks finish each step much later than others."@en . _:statement1649 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.variable-length-parallelism.sequence-packing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "chooses document-to-rank assignments in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When packed sequences are distributed across the ranks of a sequence-parallel group."@en . _:statement1650 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fine-grained-accelerator-sharing.gpu-partitioning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the sub-kernel scheduling form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When co-located workloads need tighter latency isolation than whole-kernel time slicing gives and more flexibility than fixed hardware partitions."@en . _:statement1651 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fine-grained-accelerator-sharing.performance-interference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the slowdown of latency-sensitive work from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the scheduler can preempt or throttle best-effort kernels within a kernel's execution."@en . _:statement1652 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.intra-device-overlap.pd-disaggregation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "co-locates on one device the phases separated by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a deployment chooses between running prefill and decode on the same devices or on separate pools."@en . _:statement1653 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.intra-device-overlap.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps several hardware resources busy at once, raising"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the co-scheduled operations are bound by different resources and scheduling overhead stays small."@en . _:statement1654 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.intra-device-overlap.chunked-prefill"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "overlaps the prefill and decode work in the mixed batches formed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When chunked prefill puts prefill chunks and decode steps in the same iteration, and a fused kernel runs them on the same compute units."@en . _:statement1655 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-pipeline-parallelism.pipeline-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the branching-graph form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the model's layer graph has branches with no data dependence between them."@en . _:statement1656 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graph-pipeline-parallelism.pipeline-bubble"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens the pipeline's critical path, shrinking the fill and drain time of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Relative to a linearized schedule on the same devices and microbatch count, when the branches are balanced closely enough that parallel stages finish at similar times."@en . _:statement1657 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rag-pipeline-scheduling.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "overlaps retrieval with generation work to shorten"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When retrieval sits on the request's critical path before prefill."@en . _:statement1658 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rag-pipeline-scheduling.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "avoids waiting for generation memory through joint configuration and scheduling, cutting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a fixed RAG configuration would wait for accelerator memory but another configuration meeting the query's quality target fits."@en . _:statement1659 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cross-stack-profiling.profiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the cross-layer form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the profiler records events at more than one software layer and can link each device event to the host call that issued it."@en . _:statement1660 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cross-stack-profiling.dispatch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes host-side gaps between device kernels caused by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When host and device events share a clock or are aligned by correlation identifiers."@en . _:statement1661 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bottleneck-analysis.cross-stack-profiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "locates the limiting software layer with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the bottleneck lies in host code or framework overhead rather than in a single kernel."@en . _:statement1662 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.profiling.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records per-tensor and per-phase allocations that make up"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the profiler tracks allocations over a training step rather than only peak usage."@en . _:statement1663 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loss-scaling.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps small gradients representable to limit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When low-precision gradients would otherwise underflow to zero or overflow to infinity."@en . _:statement1664 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.profiling.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes the slow ranks behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-rank step and collective times are recorded and compared."@en . _:statement1665 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.latency-percentiles.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "summarizes the distribution of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When time to first token is recorded per request rather than averaged."@en . _:statement1666 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.autoscaling.queueing"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds capacity before requests wait, cutting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When new replicas become ready faster than the load rises; cold starts delay the effect."@en . _:statement1667 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-eviction.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the resident size of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the evicted entries receive little attention, so quality holds."@en . _:statement1668 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-offload.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "moves cold blocks out of accelerator memory, shrinking the resident part of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When transfer bandwidth to host memory or storage can bring blocks back before they are needed."@en . _:statement1669 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.online-experiment.selection-bias"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tests on live traffic a winner chosen under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a model picked by offline comparison is exposed to a controlled share of real users."@en . _:statement1670 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.duty-cycling.thermal-dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers average power to limit the heating behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When average power, not peak power, sets the device's sustained temperature."@en . _:statement1671 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-attribution.cost-per-token"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "assigns infrastructure spend to requests to compute"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When usage is metered per request, model, or tenant."@en . _:statement1672 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization.cost-per-token"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises throughput per accelerator, cutting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the lower precision keeps quality acceptable and the serving stack has kernels for it."@en . _:statement1673 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sliced-evaluation.over-refusal"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes, on a slice of borderline benign prompts,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the evaluation set includes benign prompts that resemble harmful ones."@en . _:statement1674 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.preference-optimization.over-refusal"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "teaches helpful answers to borderline benign requests, limiting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the preference data includes benign requests that resemble harmful ones, paired with helpful responses."@en . _:statement1675 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.admission.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the number of concurrent sequences whose state must stay resident in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When admission is based on projected KV memory rather than request count alone."@en . _:statement1676 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.energy-measurement.energy-per-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records the energy behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When device power is sampled over the same window as the inference workload."@en . _:statement1677 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inter-token-latency.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gives the per-gap distribution whose request average is"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When streamed outputs are timestamped individually rather than only at request end."@en . _:statement1678 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-swapping.multi-model-serving"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the weight-movement mechanism of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When more models are offered than fit in accelerator memory at once."@en . _:statement1679 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-device-interconnect.model-swapping"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds how fast models can be loaded in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a model's weights must move from host memory or storage before it can serve."@en . _:statement1680 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-swapping.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lets otherwise idle accelerators serve other models, raising"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When demand across models is uneven over time and the transfer latency fits the service objective."@en . _:statement1681 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.paged-kv.kv-memory-allocation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the block-based form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When attention state is stored in fixed-size blocks mapped by a block table."@en . _:statement1682 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-memory-allocation.memory-fragmentation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets how much KV memory is lost to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When sequences of varying and growing length share one accelerator memory pool."@en . _:statement1683 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-memory-allocation.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "provides the storage that holds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a serving engine manages the cache's memory rather than the model framework."@en . _:statement1684 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feed-forward-block.transformer"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the position-wise sublayer paired with attention in each block of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In standard Transformer blocks, where each block alternates an attention sublayer and a feed-forward sublayer under residual connections."@en . _:statement1685 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixture-of-experts.feed-forward-block"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replaces the dense sublayer with routed experts as an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a block's feed-forward sublayer is implemented as several routed experts instead of one dense network."@en . _:statement1686 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feed-forward-block.matrix-multiply"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "executes its projections as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The projections are dense GEMMs over all tokens, so in dense Transformers they dominate parameter count and prefill compute; gated variants add a third projection."@en . _:statement1687 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-sparsity.feed-forward-block"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "skips the predicted-inactive neurons of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a hidden unit's activation is predicted near zero for the current token, so its weight rows need not be read or multiplied."@en . _:statement1688 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.arrival-rate.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises, as a fraction of service capacity, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When service capacity is fixed and the system is stable, so utilization is the ratio of arrival rate to service capacity."@en . _:statement1689 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dispatch.bound-regime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "places small operations on the overhead-bound side of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-kernel work is so small that host launch and orchestration time exceeds device execution time, as in small-batch decode of small models."@en . _:statement1690 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.service-level-agreement.sli"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is adjudicated on an agreed"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the contract names the indicator, its measurement window, and who measures it."@en . _:statement1691 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.requirements.service-level-agreement"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "set the externally promised terms of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When service commitments to customers are part of the stated deployment requirements."@en . _:statement1692 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.head-of-line-blocking.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lengthens, through long items ahead of short ones, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When service is first-come-first-served and service times vary widely, so one long request delays every shorter one behind it."@en . _:statement1693 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.continuous-batching.head-of-line-blocking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "admits and retires requests each iteration to avoid"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When finished sequences would otherwise wait for the longest sequence in a static batch before new work is admitted."@en . _:statement1694 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.chunked-prefill.head-of-line-blocking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds prefill work per iteration to limit"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a long prompt's prefill would otherwise hold the decode step of every co-batched request."@en . _:statement1695 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lossless-fabric.head-of-line-blocking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can cause, through pause frames that stop a whole port or class,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When priority flow control pauses all traffic in a class because one downstream queue is congested."@en . _:statement1696 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.open-closed-loop-load.arrival-rate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets whether responses throttle the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Closed-loop clients cap concurrency at their own count, so arrival rate falls as latency rises; open-loop arrivals do not respond to latency."@en . _:statement1697 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.open-closed-loop-load.latency-throughput-curve"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "changes, through response feedback and concurrency limits, the offered load behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When generator concurrency, think time, and response feedback change offered arrivals, the measured curve must be interpreted under that load model; closed-loop tests can still reach saturation."@en . _:statement1698 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-load-scenario.open-closed-loop-load"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fixes as open or closed loop the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Server scenarios issue queries by a timed random process; single-stream and multi-stream scenarios wait for each response."@en . _:statement1699 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.transfer-learning.time-to-train"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens the target-task"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a suitable pretrained model exists and fine-tuning converges in far fewer steps than training from scratch."@en . _:statement1700 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pretraining.compute-optimal-allocation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "chooses model size and token count with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a fixed training compute budget is allocated before the run and the fitted law covers the target scale."@en . _:statement1701 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.diffusion-feature-caching.diffusion-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reuses intermediate features across the denoising steps of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When adjacent sampling steps produce similar features in some blocks, so those blocks can be skipped and their cached output reused."@en . _:statement1702 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.experiment-budget.scaling-laws"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "allocates small proxy runs to fit, and a large run to exploit,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the budget is split between runs that fit a law at small scale and the final run whose size the law predicts; extrapolation beyond the fitted range is not guaranteed."@en . _:statement1703 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.inference-compute-estimate.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates the parameter and KV portions of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When parameter bytes follow from count and precision and KV bytes from layers, KV heads, head dimension, context, batch, and precision; runtime buffers and activations are excluded."@en . _:statement1704 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dispatch.serial-fraction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "contributes host-side, non-overlapped work to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When launch and orchestration time is not overlapped with device execution, so it stays constant as device throughput or worker count grows."@en . _:statement1705 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.all-reduce.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When every participant contributes an equal-shaped tensor and every participant receives the full reduced result."@en . _:statement1706 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ring-allreduce.all-reduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an algorithm for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When participants can be arranged in a ring with comparable link bandwidth."@en . _:statement1707 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tree-allreduce.all-reduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an algorithm for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When participants are arranged in trees or hierarchical groups so latency grows logarithmically."@en . _:statement1708 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.in-network-reduction.all-reduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "performs inside switches the reduction steps of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When switches support aggregation for the data type and reduction operation used and also distribute the reduced result to every participant."@en . _:statement1709 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-parallel.all-reduce"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "synchronizes gradients through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When replicas combine gradients before each optimizer step, as in synchronous data parallelism."@en . _:statement1710 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reduce-scatter-all-gather.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "are kinds of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each participant holds or receives a distinct shard rather than the whole tensor."@en . _:statement1711 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.state-sharding.reduce-scatter-all-gather"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "all-gathers parameters before use and reduce-scatters gradients after, through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When parameters, gradients, or optimizer state are sharded across data-parallel workers, as in ZeRO stage 3 or FSDP."@en . _:statement1712 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ring-allreduce.reduce-scatter-all-gather"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is composed of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When all-reduce is decomposed into a reduce-scatter followed by an all-gather around the ring."@en . _:statement1713 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor-parallel.reduce-scatter-all-gather"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replaces per-layer all-reduce with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tensor-parallel layers are combined with Megatron-style sequence parallelism so each all-reduce becomes a reduce-scatter and all-gather pair."@en . _:statement1714 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.torus-topology.network-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When endpoints connect to neighbors directly, without a switch hierarchy."@en . _:statement1715 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.torus-topology.fat-tree"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both connect accelerator nodes at scale; a torus saves switch cost and suits ring collectives, while a non-oversubscribed Clos fat-tree with suitable routing gives uniform bisection bandwidth for arbitrary traffic."@en . _:statement1716 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.torus-topology.optical-circuit-switching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can be reconfigured and routed around failed nodes by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When torus links pass through an optical circuit switch so slices of a pod can be joined into different torus shapes, as in TPU pods."@en . _:statement1717 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ring-allreduce.torus-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "runs at full link bandwidth on the rings of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each ring of the collective maps onto one torus dimension so every step uses a direct link."@en . _:statement1718 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.torus-topology.all-to-all"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds, through multi-hop routing and lower bisection bandwidth,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When exchange traffic crosses many torus hops rather than staying among neighbors."@en . _:statement1719 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-oversubscription.bisection-bandwidth"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers, below the sum of endpoint links,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When traffic crosses the oversubscribed tier rather than staying under one leaf switch."@en . _:statement1720 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-oversubscription.collectives"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the achievable rate of cross-tier"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When synchronized collective flows from many endpoints exceed a leaf switch's uplink capacity at the same moment."@en . _:statement1721 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-oversubscription.tco"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers switch and cabling cost within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When fewer uplinks and spine switches are provisioned per endpoint and the workload tolerates the contention."@en . _:statement1722 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fusion.arithmetic-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises, by keeping intermediates on chip instead of round-tripping them through device memory,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the fused operations are memory-bound elementwise or reduction kernels whose intermediates would otherwise be written to and read back from device memory."@en . _:statement1723 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shrinks the bytes of stored weights, activations, or caches in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tensors are stored in the reduced format rather than only computed in it; dequantization buffers and scale factors add back a small share."@en . _:statement1724 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-memory.memory-hierarchy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the capacity tier above device memory in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the accelerator is attached to a host that has its own DRAM."@en . _:statement1725 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.memory-offloading.host-memory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "spills optimizer state, parameters, or activations into"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-device memory cannot hold the full training state."@en . _:statement1726 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-offload.host-memory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps evicted KV blocks in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When blocks are likely to be reused and host memory is cheaper than device memory."@en . _:statement1727 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.host-data-loader.host-memory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stages decoded batches in page-locked regions of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When batches are copied to the device by DMA from pinned host buffers."@en . _:statement1728 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.schedule-separation.tiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "names, as a schedule primitive,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tile sizes and loop order are schedule choices rather than part of the algorithm's definition."@en . _:statement1729 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.schedule-separation.autotuning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes the search space explored by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When schedule parameters are enumerable and the algorithm is fixed, so candidate implementations differ only in schedule."@en . _:statement1730 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.schedule-separation.intermediate-representation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies schedule transformations to the loop-level"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the compiler lowers the algorithm to a loop nest that schedule primitives rewrite."@en . _:statement1731 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.schedule-separation.software-pipelining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects, as a schedule primitive,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When pipelining stages are chosen by the schedule rather than written by hand in the kernel."@en . _:statement1732 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-synchronization.thread-hierarchy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "coordinates threads at the scopes defined by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When threads of a block or warp share on-chip memory and must order their accesses."@en . _:statement1733 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-synchronization.numerical-nondeterminism"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "introduces order-dependent floating-point results through contended"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When partial sums are combined with atomic adds whose completion order varies from run to run."@en . _:statement1734 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kernel-synchronization.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "serializes contended updates, bounding achieved"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When many threads atomically update the same address, as in histogram, scatter-add, or gradient-aggregation kernels."@en . _:statement1735 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sparse-tensor-kernels.kernel-synchronization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scatter-adds irregular contributions through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When several threads contribute to the same output element."@en . _:statement1736 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.link-reach.scale-up-interconnect"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the physical extent of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When scale-up links run over passive copper, so the domain must fit within copper reach, typically one or a few racks."@en . _:statement1737 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.link-reach.rack-power-density"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "forces accelerators into few racks, raising"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a scale-up domain must stay within copper reach rather than spreading across the floor."@en . _:statement1738 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.co-packaged-optics.link-reach"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends beyond copper, at lower energy per bit than pluggable modules,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When links must span more than copper reach allows."@en . _:statement1739 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.storage-access-pattern.dataset-storage-layout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "motivates large sequential shards in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When training streams whole corpora so sequential bandwidth, not IOPS, is the binding resource."@en . _:statement1740 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.storage-access-pattern.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the read stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When examples are fetched by many small random reads from media or stores with high per-request latency."@en . _:statement1741 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.storage-access-pattern.storage-tiering"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "decides which tier serves which data in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When random-access working sets, such as retrieval indexes or hot shards, are kept on NVMe or in memory while bulk corpora stream from capacity tiers."@en . _:statement1742 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor-parallel.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is one dimension of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tensor-parallel groups are placed within the fastest scale-up domain and combined with data and pipeline parallelism across nodes."@en . _:statement1743 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-parallel.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the outermost dimension of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When replicas of a tensor- or pipeline-parallel model group are themselves data-parallel across nodes."@en . _:statement1744 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.matrix-unit.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies most of the peak low-precision"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the workload's operations are dense matrix multiplies in input and accumulation formats the unit supports."@en . _:statement1745 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.topology-aware-placement.network-topology"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "places communicating workers according to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the scheduler holds a map of links, switches, and scale-up domains and the job declares which workers communicate most."@en . _:statement1746 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization-aware-training.integer-only-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes accurate, by simulating rounding and requantization during training,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the simulated quantization matches the deployed integer arithmetic and requantization rules."@en . _:statement1747 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.embedding-cache.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps only hot embedding rows resident, shrinking the accelerator-side"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When footprint is measured in accelerator memory and lookup skew lets cold rows live in host memory or SSD; total stored model bytes are unchanged."@en . _:statement1748 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dataset-shuffling.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the ordering stage of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When examples are read in a randomized order rather than in stored order."@en . _:statement1749 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dataset-shuffling.streaming-dataset-format"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shuffles shards, then records within a buffer, from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the corpus is stored as sharded files so a two-level shuffle approximates a global permutation."@en . _:statement1750 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.collectives.training-power-swings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "idles every accelerator in lockstep during exposed, producing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When collectives are synchronous and not overlapped, so the whole cluster alternates between full-power compute and low-power waiting at the same moments."@en . _:statement1751 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.peer-to-peer-transfer.scale-up-interconnect"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "moves data between accelerators over"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When transfers are carried by dedicated accelerator-to-accelerator scale-up links rather than over the host link."@en . _:statement1752 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.overfitting.generalization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "widens the gap between training and held-out performance, lowering"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the model has capacity to fit training-set noise and training continues past the point where held-out performance peaks."@en . _:statement1753 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.regularization.overfitting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mitigates"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the penalty or procedure limits the model's ability to fit training-set noise."@en . _:statement1754 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-diagnostics.overfitting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reveals, through diverging training and validation curves,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When validation metrics are logged alongside training loss at step granularity."@en . _:statement1755 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.overfitting.membership-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises the train-versus-nontrain confidence gap exploited by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When overfitting creates train-versus-nontrain confidence or loss differences that the attack exploits, raising its advantage."@en . _:statement1756 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.predictive-uncertainty.selective-prediction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplies the confidence signal that decides abstention in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the estimate ranks errors well enough that abstaining on the least certain inputs lowers risk at the chosen coverage."@en . _:statement1757 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.active-learning.predictive-uncertainty"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects examples to label from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For uncertainty-sampling acquisition functions."@en . _:statement1758 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ood-detection.predictive-uncertainty"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "thresholds epistemic signals from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When uncertainty rises on inputs far from the training data; raw softmax confidence is often overconfident there."@en . _:statement1759 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.statistical-power.online-experiment"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the traffic share and duration required by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the launch decision must detect an effect of a stated minimum size at stated error rates; metric variance and the number of independent units fix the answer."@en . _:statement1760 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.paired-comparison.statistical-power"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises, by cancelling shared item variance,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When both systems are scored on the same items so per-item differences vary less than independent samples."@en . _:statement1761 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.statistical-uncertainty.statistical-power"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers, through outcome variance,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "At a fixed sample size; a noisier metric needs more units to detect the same effect."@en . _:statement1762 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retrieval-metrics.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the ranked-list family of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When outputs are ranked candidate lists judged against relevance labels."@en . _:statement1763 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retrieval-metrics.retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scores the ranked results of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When relevance judgments exist for the query set; judged pools miss relevant unjudged records."@en . _:statement1764 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retrieval-metrics.ann"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "quantifies, as recall against exact search, the approximation loss of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When ground-truth neighbors are computed by exhaustive search on the same corpus."@en . _:statement1765 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rejection-sampling-fine-tuning.supervised-fine-tuning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the self-generated-data form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the training targets are the model's own accepted samples rather than human demonstrations."@en . _:statement1766 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rejection-sampling-fine-tuning.verifier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "filters candidates with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When acceptance is decided by a programmatic check, a reward model, or a grader; filter errors become training labels."@en . _:statement1767 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rejection-sampling-fine-tuning.rlvr"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is an offline, SFT-based alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both learn from verifiable outcomes; rejection sampling updates only on accepted samples while RLVR takes policy gradients over all sampled outcomes."@en . _:statement1768 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rejection-sampling-fine-tuning.mode-collapse"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "narrows sampled diversity across rounds toward"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When successive rounds train only on the model's own high-scoring samples, concentrating training mass on a narrowing response family without fresh human or real data."@en . _:statement1769 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.early-stopping.regularization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "acts, by truncating training, as a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When validation performance peaks before the training loss plateaus."@en . _:statement1770 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.early-stopping.evaluation-split"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "monitors a validation partition from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The stopping decision must not use the final test partition, or the reported score is optimistically biased."@en . _:statement1771 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.experiment-budget.early-stopping"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stops unpromising trials early under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a trial is abandoned once its validation metric plateaus, freeing its remaining budget for other configurations."@en . _:statement1772 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.group-dro.loss"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "optimizes a worst-group aggregation of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When examples carry group labels and training minimizes the highest group loss rather than the mean."@en . _:statement1773 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.group-dro.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "protects worst-group performance under subpopulation forms of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the groups that dominate at deployment are among those declared at training."@en . _:statement1774 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loss-masking.chat-template"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "locates assistant spans through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When non-target tokens are identified by role markers in the rendered sequence."@en . _:statement1775 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.chat-template.train-serve-skew"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "causes, when rendered differently in training and serving,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the serving stack renders turns with different markers or whitespace from the training renderer."@en . _:statement1776 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.chat-template.tokenization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reserves special tokens in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When role markers are single reserved tokens rather than plain text."@en . _:statement1777 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.generation-stopping.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps per-request growth of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A server-enforced output-token cap limits additional retained token positions in engines whose autoregressive cache grows with generation; it does not bound all allocated cache memory."@en . _:statement1778 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.generation-stopping.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the output-length contribution to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Decode-step time is bounded, while queueing, stalls, and retries are accounted for separately."@en . _:statement1779 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.generation-stopping.resource-exhaustion-attack"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the output tokens one request can consume, blunting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A server-enforced output cap limits generated-token work per request; separate controls are needed for prompt processing, request rate, and aggregate client consumption."@en . _:statement1780 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.runbook.incident-response"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scripts the first steps of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the failure has been seen before and its mitigation is known."@en . _:statement1781 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.alerting.runbook"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "links each page to a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When alerts are actionable and name the procedure to follow."@en . _:statement1782 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.postmortem.runbook"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "writes or revises a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When corrective actions include documenting the response for next time."@en . _:statement1783 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.runbook.rollback"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "often names, as the first mitigation,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For model-serving incidents where the previous version is known good."@en . _:statement1784 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rl-training-colocation.weight-sync"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the transfer path and cost of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Colocated designs reshard in device memory; disaggregated ones send weights across the network."@en . _:statement1785 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rl-training-colocation.dynamic-resharding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "switches between training and generation layouts with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the colocated design runs both phases on one device set."@en . _:statement1786 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rl-training-colocation.policy-staleness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises, in its disaggregated asynchronous form,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When rollout workers keep generating while trainers update."@en . _:statement1787 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequential-revision.best-of-n"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "spends compute serially rather than in parallel samples as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When one task's inference budget is allocated between dependent revisions and independent candidates."@en . _:statement1788 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequential-revision.verifier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "benefits from external feedback supplied by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the critique comes from a checker rather than the model's own judgment, which is often unreliable."@en . _:statement1789 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequential-revision.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds serial passes to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each pass must finish before the next begins."@en . _:statement1790 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.semi-supervised-learning.supervised-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trains on labeled and pseudo-labeled examples with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "After unlabeled examples receive model-assigned targets."@en . _:statement1791 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.semi-supervised-learning.weak-supervision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "derives extra labels from the model itself rather than from heuristics as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both reduce manual labeling; semi-supervision needs a labeled seed and a model confident enough to self-label."@en . _:statement1792 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.semi-supervised-learning.selective-prediction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps only confident pseudo-labels through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a confidence threshold decides which unlabeled examples enter training."@en . _:statement1793 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.contrastive-learning.embeddings"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trains the encoders behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the learned representation is reused for retrieval, classification heads, or multimodal alignment."@en . _:statement1794 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.contrastive-learning.dense-retrieval"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trains the bi-encoders used by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When query-document pairs supply positives and in-batch items supply negatives."@en . _:statement1795 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-size.contrastive-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the in-batch negatives available to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When negatives are drawn from the same batch rather than a memory bank."@en . _:statement1796 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-memory-estimate.training-state"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sizes"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For dense models where each component's precision and the optimizer's state count are known."@en . _:statement1797 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-memory-estimate.precision"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes byte widths from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each state component may use a different format."@en . _:statement1798 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.training-memory-estimate.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "estimates the training share of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Runtime buffers and allocator overhead are added separately."@en . _:statement1799 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rl-rollout.continuous-batching"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "generates many sampled responses per prompt through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When rollouts are produced by a serving engine rather than the training framework, so engine throughput bounds samples per step."@en . _:statement1800 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retraining.model-artifact"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "yields a replacement"@en ; taxmeta:condition "After the retrained model passes validation and is versioned for release."@en . _:statement1801 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hyperparameter-search.experiment-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "allocates trials under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Whenever the number of configurations exceeds what can be trained to completion, so trials, repetitions, and fidelities compete for one budget."@en . _:statement1802 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.continuous-training.data-validation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "validates incoming data before each run of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the pipeline is automated end to end, so a schema or distribution failure must stop retraining rather than a person."@en . _:statement1803 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-gateway.admission"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:implements ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enforces per-client rate limits as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When all model calls pass through the gateway and limits are expressed per key, tenant, or application."@en . _:statement1804 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.alerting.drift-detection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fires on thresholds over statistics from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When drift statistics are alerted on directly; detected drift is a signal to diagnose, not proof of degraded quality."@en . _:statement1805 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.kv-cache-offload.kv-cache-eviction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps cold entries recoverable instead of discarding them as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both bound resident KV memory; offload spends transfer bandwidth to preserve exactness, eviction spends quality to avoid transfers; they can be combined."@en . _:statement1806 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.pass-at-k.test-oracle"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "counts a sample as correct according to a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the check is unit tests or a programmatic grader; the metric inherits the oracle's false positives."@en . _:statement1807 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.failure-attribution.inference-logging"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reconstructs the failing request from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When logs retain inputs, model version, and outputs for the incident window."@en . _:statement1808 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.privacy-budget.differential-privacy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the accounting side of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When several releases or training steps on the same data must be composed into one guarantee."@en . _:statement1809 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dp-sgd.privacy-budget"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tracks its noise multiplier, sampling rate, and step count through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "At every optimizer step; the accountant decides when training must stop."@en . _:statement1810 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.privacy-budget.retraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps how many times private data can be reused by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each retraining run spends from a fixed budget rather than resetting it."@en . _:statement1811 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bias-sources.bias-mitigation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "selects which stage of intervention is appropriate in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the dominant source is identified, since reweighting cannot fix a measurement problem and a constraint cannot fix a deployment mismatch."@en . _:statement1812 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bias-sources.proxy-discrimination"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can produce, through correlated features,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When historical or measurement bias is encoded in features correlated with protected attributes and those features drive decisions."@en . _:statement1813 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.carbon-accounting-method.emission-scopes"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies to the purchased-electricity category of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When purchased-electricity emissions are identified as Scope 2 before the attribution method is chosen."@en . _:statement1814 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.carbon-accounting-method.operational-carbon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reports, under declared factors and boundaries, the electricity share of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When contractual instruments cover a material share of consumption, so the market-based figure diverges from the location-based one."@en . _:statement1815 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retry-backoff.request-timeout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "treats as its failure signal the expiry of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a retry is issued on timeout rather than on an explicit error; the retry budget and the deadline must be set together."@en . _:statement1816 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.request-timeout.metastable-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cancels abandoned work that would otherwise sustain"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When deadlines are propagated so downstream services stop serving requests the client no longer waits for."@en . _:statement1817 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.circuit-breaker.request-timeout"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "counts expirations as errors in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When slow responses, not only explicit failures, trip the breaker."@en . _:statement1818 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-protection-regulation.data-consent"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "mandates a lawful basis and purpose limitation enforced through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When personal data of covered people is processed for training or inference."@en . _:statement1819 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-protection-regulation.deletion-propagation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "creates erasure obligations fulfilled by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a legally effective erasure obligation covers the retained personal data and its derived copies."@en . _:statement1820 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-protection-regulation.privacy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the legal floor for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Within the jurisdictions whose law applies to the people in the data."@en . _:statement1821 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.egress-control.weight-exfiltration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "blocks the outbound channels used for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When weights can leave only through network paths the allowlist controls."@en . _:statement1822 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.confidential-computing.weight-exfiltration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps weights unreadable to the host operator, limiting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the weights are decrypted only inside the attested environment."@en . _:statement1823 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.weight-exfiltration.model-extraction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "obtains the model directly instead of reconstructing it by queries as in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both yield a usable copy; theft needs infrastructure access, extraction needs only the prediction interface."@en . _:statement1824 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ai-bill-of-materials.supply-chain-compromise"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lets consumers find known-bad components behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the manifest is complete and machine-readable and components flagged against advisories are rejected, replaced, or contained; the inventory alone reveals but does not prevent a compromise."@en . _:statement1825 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ai-bill-of-materials.lineage"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is compiled from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When data lineage records the sources and transformations the manifest lists."@en . _:statement1826 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.artifact-signing.ai-bill-of-materials"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "binds to the weights, through its signature, the contents of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the signed payload includes the manifest rather than only the weight bytes."@en . _:statement1827 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.risk-tiered-regulation.ai-incident-reporting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "obliges providers of high-risk systems to perform"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For serious incidents under the governing regulation, within its reporting deadlines."@en . _:statement1828 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ai-risk-management.ai-incident-reporting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "feeds its measure and manage functions from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When reported incidents are reviewed against the risk register rather than only closed."@en . _:statement1829 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.ai-incident-reporting.postmortem"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws its causal account from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the incident was handled by an internal incident process before disclosure."@en . _:statement1830 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mechanistic-interpretability.feature-attribution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "explains internal computation rather than input contributions, unlike"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both aim at understanding a decision; attribution scores inputs, mechanistic methods inspect representations and need model access."@en . _:statement1831 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mechanistic-interpretability.linear-model"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fits linear probes from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For probing, where a linear classifier on activations tests whether a property is linearly represented."@en . _:statement1832 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-certification.safety-case"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "assesses the argument and evidence in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Under standards that require a safety case; others prescribe process evidence directly."@en . _:statement1833 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.change-impact-analysis.safety-certification"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scopes re-assessment against the claims certified by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a model, data, or operating-domain change touches certified claims."@en . _:statement1834 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hazard-analysis.tolerable-risk"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "ranks identified hazards against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the analysis must decide which hazards receive controls rather than only list them."@en . _:statement1835 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-case.tolerable-risk"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "argues acceptability against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The top claim of a safety case is that residual risk is acceptable, which is undefined without the criteria."@en . _:statement1836 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fleet-hardware-screening.silent-data-corruption"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "finds the units responsible for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For faults that reproduce under the test workload; intermittent and workload-dependent faults need longer or in-production screening."@en . _:statement1837 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fleet-hardware-screening.test-oracle"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "compares outputs against"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When reference outputs are computed on trusted hardware or by a redundant run."@en . _:statement1838 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fleet-hardware-screening.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "spends fleet time that would otherwise count toward"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When screening runs on production capacity rather than on units already out of service."@en . _:statement1839 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.profiling.hardware-performance-counters"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reads stall and throughput causes from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the profiler collects counters in addition to timestamps; collection can perturb execution and on some accelerators serializes it."@en . _:statement1840 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.bottleneck-analysis.hardware-performance-counters"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "places a kernel on the roofline using measured bytes and operations from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When measured rather than estimated arithmetic intensity is needed."@en . _:statement1841 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.structured-pruning.nm-sparsity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes whole units for dense hardware instead of the fine per-group pattern of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Both aim at real speedup from pruning; structured pruning needs no sparse-engine support but usually costs more quality at equal parameter reduction, N:M needs a matrix engine with the matching sparse instruction."@en . _:statement1842 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gray-failure.health-checks"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "passes undetected through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the degraded node still answers liveness and readiness probes while failing the work callers send it."@en . _:statement1843 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.over-refusal.jailbreak"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the false-positive side of the operating point whose false-negative side is"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a single threshold or refusal policy decides both, so loosening it to admit benign requests also admits more successful bypasses."@en . _:statement1844 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.membership-inference.machine-unlearning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "audits whether removed records still influence a model after"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When attack advantage on the forgotten records, compared with a model retrained without them, is used as the empirical test of forgetting."@en . _:statement1845 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.guardrails.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds classifier passes on the request path to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When input and output checks run synchronously before the response is released; streaming output checks shift the cost to time-to-last-token."@en . _:statement1846 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.silent-data-corruption.training-instability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can inject the corrupted gradients or weights behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a miscomputed value propagates into optimizer state before any check catches it, so a loss spike or divergence appears with no software cause."@en . _:statement1847 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stragglers.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "idles every other rank, lowering"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In synchronous training, where each step waits for the slowest rank; asynchronous or straggler-tolerant schemes break the dependence."@en . _:statement1848 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.human-oversight.selective-prediction"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "routes abstained cases to people through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the system abstains on low-confidence inputs and a human review path exists with enough time and context to decide."@en . _:statement1849 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-harness.trajectory-log"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "writes, as the sole author, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the harness, not the model, owns continuation and records each step before dispatching it."@en . _:statement1850 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.durable-execution.trajectory-log"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "recovers progress and reuses recorded results from the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each step's intent is appended before the effect is issued, so a crash between the two can be reconciled."@en . _:statement1851 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deterministic-replay.trajectory-log"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "substitutes recorded model outputs and tool results from the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the log contains every input needed for the declared replay boundary."@en . _:statement1852 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-evaluation.trajectory-log"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scores intermediate effects and constraint compliance from the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When evaluation reads the record of what was dispatched rather than only the final answer."@en . _:statement1853 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.odometry.state-estimation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the relative-motion, drift-accumulating form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only relative motion is measured, so absolute pose is unobservable without an external reference."@en . _:statement1854 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.slam.odometry"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes its motion prior between keyframes from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the front end propagates pose with odometry and the back end corrects drift at loop closure."@en . _:statement1855 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recursive-filtering.odometry"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "propagates the predicted state in the prediction step with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When odometry supplies the control input to a Kalman-family or particle filter."@en . _:statement1856 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.odometry.coordinate-frames"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "accumulates pose in the odometry frame defined by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "In systems that keep a continuous odometry frame beneath a map frame, so the map-to-odometry transform absorbs drift correction."@en . _:statement1857 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.capture-epoch.observation-age"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fixes the start instant of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Observation age is measured from the capture epoch, not from the frame's arrival at the processor."@en . _:statement1858 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.capture-epoch.sensor-fusion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "misaligns measurements taken at different instants within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the platform or scene moves during exposure or a scan and the measurements are not de-skewed before fusion."@en . _:statement1859 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.recursive-filtering.capture-epoch"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies each measurement at its"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When measurements arrive out of order or late, the filter must correct at the capture epoch rather than at arrival."@en . _:statement1860 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.timing-jitter.feedback-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "degrades, by varying the sample interval of,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the controller's gains assume a fixed period and the actual release or completion time varies."@en . _:statement1861 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.real-time-scheduling.timing-jitter"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds, through fixed priorities and periodic release,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the control task has the highest priority or is released by a timer rather than by a best-effort scheduler."@en . _:statement1862 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.xil-testing.timing-jitter"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes, on the real compute and bus,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the real software and hardware run in the loop; pure simulation hides it."@en . _:statement1863 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thermal-dynamics.timing-jitter"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds, through frequency throttling,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When clock changes under thermal policy alter task completion times between periods."@en . _:statement1864 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deterministic-field-network.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds a bounded transport and cycle-time term to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When drives and sensors are reached over the bus rather than on-chip."@en . _:statement1865 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.robotics-middleware.deterministic-field-network"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reaches drives and encoders through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When middleware nodes talk to actuators and sensors over a fieldbus rather than directly."@en . _:statement1866 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deterministic-field-network.real-time-scheduling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds, by bus occupancy, the achievable period of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the control task's period must fit the bus cycle and the number of devices on it."@en . _:statement1867 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feedback-delay.loop-stability-margin"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "spends, at a rate set by the loop's bandwidth,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Each unit of delay costs phase in proportion to the crossover frequency."@en . _:statement1868 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loop-stability-margin.feedback-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "caps the achievable bandwidth and gain of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the controller is tuned to keep a stated margin under the worst-case delay and plant variation."@en . _:statement1869 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dynamics.loop-stability-margin"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets, together with the controller, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The margin is a property of the plant-controller pair, not of the controller alone."@en . _:statement1870 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.impedance-force-control.feedback-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the contact-regulating form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The regulated variable is the force-motion relationship rather than position alone."@en . _:statement1871 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.impedance-force-control.contact-compliance"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "models the environment's stiffness and damping through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Stable contact depends on the combined compliance of robot, controller, and environment."@en . _:statement1872 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.feedback-delay.impedance-force-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "destabilizes stiff contact under"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When commanded stiffness is high and the loop delay is long relative to the contact dynamics."@en . _:statement1873 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-filter.impedance-force-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds contact force at the actuator through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the filter's safe action is expressed as a force or stiffness limit rather than a position correction."@en . _:statement1874 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.authorization.tool-contract"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks a proposed tool call against the authority and effects declared in the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When tool calls are authorized per action from the contract rather than by ambient session rights; schema conformance alone grants nothing."@en . _:statement1875 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-interference.sensor-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the multi-emitter form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When other active sensors share the scene; the hardware has not failed and the loss of fidelity depends on the operating environment."@en . _:statement1876 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-interconnect.robot-perception"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the resolution, frame rate, and sensor count available to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When raw sensor data streams into the onboard processor over MIPI, I2S, or SPI links rather than being pre-processed at the sensor."@en . _:statement1877 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sensor-degradation.robot-perception"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "degrades the inputs to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the perception model was trained and validated on clean conditions and no input-support monitor flags the degraded regime."@en . _:statement1878 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.approval-gate.agent-harness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the undispatched hold within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the harness holds the proposed action, bound by digest and expiry, until an authorized decision, and re-runs admission after approval."@en . _:statement1879 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-interruption.agent-harness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:requires ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes effect only at turn boundaries enforced by the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a runtime owns continuation and dispatch, enforces cancellation at defined execution boundaries, and separately settles already issued external actions."@en . _:statement1880 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.diffusion-policy.action-tokenization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "generates continuous actions by denoising rather than through the discretization of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When choosing a robot policy's action head: tokens trade reconstruction error and decode steps against expressiveness; denoising trades inference iterations against multimodality."@en . _:statement1881 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.vla-model.diffusion-policy"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can emit continuous actions through a"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the action head denoises or integrates a learned flow instead of decoding action tokens (pi0 and its successors)."@en . _:statement1882 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.vla-model.cross-embodiment-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is commonly pretrained with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the policy is pretrained on pooled multi-robot datasets before task fine-tuning."@en . _:statement1883 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.closed-loop-evaluation.sim-to-real"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scores, by physical trial success rate,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When comparable closed-loop simulation and physical trials give an explicit transfer comparison under matched task and measurement conditions."@en . _:statement1884 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-agent-orchestration.capability-based-security"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "attenuates delegated rights to each worker through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a worker agent must receive narrower authority than its orchestrator."@en . _:statement1885 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.multi-agent-orchestration.agentic-workload"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "multiplies, by duplicating context across workers,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each delegated agent carries its own context and makes its own dependent model calls, so total tokens exceed a single-agent run on the same task."@en . _:statement1886 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.context-selection.agent-memory"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "draws recalled records into the working set from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the agent has persistent memory; the recalled record competes for the same token budget as instructions, tool descriptions, and observations."@en . _:statement1887 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thermal-dynamics.wcet"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "fixes the clock and memory-timing assumptions under which a bound is a valid"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the bound was derived at full clock; the analysis must include the allowed throttled operating states or explicitly exclude them."@en . _:statement1888 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.power-delivery.actuator-limits"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets, when a shared rail sags, the torque available within"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When compute and actuators share a supply and simultaneous demand or regeneration droops the rail below the drive's operating window."@en . _:statement1889 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thermal-dynamics.actuator-limits"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the sustained-duty component of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When motor winding temperature, not drive current, binds continuous torque; peak torque remains current-limited."@en . _:statement1890 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sim-to-real.parallel-simulation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "starts from policies trained in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the policy's experience came from batched simulated environments rather than physical collection."@en . _:statement1891 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.idempotency.in-doubt-action"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes safe the retry of an"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the operation carries an identity the endpoint deduplicates."@en . _:statement1892 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-interruption.in-doubt-action"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "leaves, when it cancels mid-dispatch, an"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a tool call was sent before the cancel and its result never arrived."@en . _:statement1893 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.in-doubt-action.compensation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cannot be compensated until it is known to have happened, so it bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "A compensating action for an effect that never occurred is itself a new effect."@en . _:statement1894 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-bandwidth-utilization.model-flops-utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the memory-bound counterpart of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When one primary efficiency indicator is chosen for a stated bottleneck; both ratios can be reported for the same workload, and the bound regime says which one explains the ceiling."@en . _:statement1895 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-bandwidth-utilization.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "divides bytes per token by the measured"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When achieved bandwidth is estimated from weight and KV-cache bytes over time per output token rather than from hardware counters."@en . _:statement1896 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hot-spare-capacity.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises, by shortening node-replacement waits, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When reduced recovery and rework losses exceed the reserve time charged to the same goodput denominator."@en . _:statement1897 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hot-spare-capacity.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "holds idle capacity that lowers fleet"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When fleet utilization counts the reserved idle spares in its capacity denominator."@en . _:statement1898 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hot-spare-capacity.elastic-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replaces a failed worker instead of shrinking the job, unlike"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When both replacement at the original world size and continuation at a reduced world size are feasible recovery choices."@en . _:statement1899 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hot-spare-capacity.mtbf"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses the failure interval summarized by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When sizing converts component or job MTBF into a failure-arrival model and combines it with repair or replenishment times, failure correlations, and an acceptable spare-exhaustion probability."@en . _:statement1900 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.geo-distributed-training.local-sgd"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cuts cross-site synchronization frequency with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When inter-site bandwidth cannot carry per-step gradient exchange."@en . _:statement1901 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.geo-distributed-training.pipeline-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "places stage boundaries on inter-site links using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-micro-batch activations are far smaller than the gradients a data-parallel cut would send across the WAN."@en . _:statement1902 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.network-propagation-delay.geo-distributed-training"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets a lower bound on each synchronous exchange of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When sites are hundreds of kilometers apart, so the round trip bounds every cross-site exchange regardless of bandwidth."@en . _:statement1903 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.geo-distributed-training.hybrid-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "extends to the datacenter tier the hierarchy mapping of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the hardware hierarchy runs chip, node, rack, and site, and each dimension is matched to a tier's link speed."@en . _:statement1904 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quarantined-model-pattern.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes the channel from untrusted text to privileged actions used by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the planner and runtime are trusted, untrusted content stays isolated in the quarantined model, and runtime policies validate derived arguments and data flows before any privileged effect."@en . _:statement1905 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quarantined-model-pattern.information-flow-control"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "tags quarantined outputs and checks tool arguments with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a value derived from untrusted data must be policy-checked before it reaches a side-effecting tool."@en . _:statement1906 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sycophancy-evaluation.reward-hacking"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "surfaces agreement-seeking learned as a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When preference training rewarded user approval and the evaluation shows agreement rising while task correctness falls for the same behavior."@en . _:statement1907 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sycophancy-evaluation.robustness-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the perturbation is conversational pressure rather than input corruption."@en . _:statement1908 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sycophancy-evaluation.llm-judge"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "scores free-form multi-turn answers with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When responses are open-ended, so a flip cannot be read off a fixed label."@en . _:statement1909 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.communication-intensity.parallel-efficiency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "together with link bandwidth bounds"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the exchange is not fully overlapped with computation."@en . _:statement1910 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.gradient-compression.communication-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers the bytes per step counted by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When compressed gradients replace full-precision exchange."@en . _:statement1911 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.hybrid-parallel.communication-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets, per parallelism dimension, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the parallel plan fixes which tensors cross which links on each step."@en . _:statement1912 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.technology-scaling.dark-silicon"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces, once constant power density ends,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When transistor count keeps growing but power density no longer falls with feature size."@en . _:statement1913 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.technology-scaling.compute-throughput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains, once power density stops falling, per-chip gains in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When transistor-density gains lack corresponding voltage and power improvements, so a fixed power budget prevents all added arithmetic units from operating at once at the intended clock rate."@en . _:statement1914 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compression-composition.pruning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "typically applies first"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When sparsity is introduced before quantization so the quantizer calibrates on the surviving weights."@en . _:statement1915 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compression-composition.quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies to the already-pruned or distilled model"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the bit-width is chosen after structure has been removed."@en . _:statement1916 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compression-composition.distillation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "recovers quality lost by the other stages through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a teacher is available to fine-tune the compressed student."@en . _:statement1917 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compression-composition.efficiency-frontier"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shapes, through the techniques chosen and their order, the attainable"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the frontier is measured over compressed variants rather than architectures."@en . _:statement1918 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fidelity-adaptive-serving.graceful-degradation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the degraded mode is a cheaper model variant rather than a feature cut."@en . _:statement1919 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fidelity-adaptive-serving.weight-only-quantization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "obtains its cheaper variants from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the fallback variant is a lower-precision copy of the same weights."@en . _:statement1920 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compound-workflow-pipelining.token-streaming"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "connects stages through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When stages exchange streamed tokens rather than complete responses."@en . _:statement1921 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compound-workflow-pipelining.execution-time"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shortens the end-to-end"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When stage dependencies are partial, so the critical path is shorter than the serial sum of stages."@en . _:statement1922 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.rag-pipeline-scheduling.compound-workflow-pipelining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "overlaps retrieval and generation through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When retrieval or other upstream stages expose stable partial results that downstream generation can process while upstream work continues."@en . _:statement1923 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-filter.reachability-analysis"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "certifies candidate actions against sets computed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the filter's safe set is the complement of the backward reachable set of the failure region."@en . _:statement1924 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.stopping-envelope.reachability-analysis"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is defined from forward reachable sets computed by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the envelope is the set of states from which a stopping maneuver stays clear of everything reachable by others."@en . _:statement1925 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reachability-analysis.control-barrier-function"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "gives a set-based safety certificate as an alternative to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "CBFs give local differentiable constraints; reachability gives the safe set itself at the cost of state-space computation."@en . _:statement1926 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.reachability-analysis.dynamics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "propagates the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Always; the reachable set is defined by the dynamics model and the input and disturbance bounds."@en . _:statement1927 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fairness-monitoring.group-fairness-metric"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "computes on live traffic the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When protected attributes or accepted proxies are available at monitoring time."@en . _:statement1928 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fairness-monitoring.monitoring"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a kind of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the monitored signal is a disparity across groups rather than an aggregate."@en . _:statement1929 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fairness-monitoring.sliced-evaluation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "applies in production the per-group measurement of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When slices are protected groups and the evaluation is continuous rather than a release gate."@en . _:statement1930 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.forward-error-correction.link-signal-integrity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "absorbs, within its correction capability, the raw errors of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the error rate stays within the code's correction budget."@en . _:statement1931 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.link-signal-integrity.stragglers"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces retransmission and retraining stalls that appear as"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When one link degrades under heat or marginal cabling while the others stay clean."@en . _:statement1932 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.link-signal-integrity.gray-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "degrades a link that still passes link-up checks, a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When flaps are intermittent and health checks sample too coarsely to see them."@en . _:statement1933 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-function.neural-network"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:part-of ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the nonlinearity between the linear layers of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the architecture applies pointwise or gated nonlinearities between affine layers, as nearly all do; without them stacked linear layers collapse to one."@en . _:statement1934 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fusion.activation-function"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "folds into a matrix-multiply epilogue the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the nonlinearity is elementwise, so it can be applied to tile outputs before they are written to memory."@en . _:statement1935 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.activation-function.activation-sparsity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces the exact zeros exploited by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the nonlinearity is ReLU-like; smooth activations such as GELU or SwiGLU need thresholding or prediction to find skippable units."@en . _:statement1936 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.attention-ffn-disaggregation.arithmetic-intensity"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "pools tokens from many attention instances to raise the expert-side"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the FFN or expert pool batches tokens across several attention replicas, so each weight read serves more tokens."@en . _:statement1937 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.attention-ffn-disaggregation.communication-overlap"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "hides inter-pool activation transfer with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When micro-batches are pipelined so one batch computes while another's activations are in flight."@en . _:statement1938 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.attention-ffn-disaggregation.expert-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "serves the expert pool with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For mixture-of-experts models whose experts are spread across the FFN pool."@en . _:statement1939 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.attention-ffn-disaggregation.inter-token-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:trades-off ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds a per-layer activation transfer that lengthens"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the activation exchange between pools is not hidden by ping-pong micro-batching."@en . _:statement1940 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.attention-ffn-disaggregation.heterogeneous-accelerator-execution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can place each pool on a different accelerator type through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When attention is deployed on bandwidth-rich devices and FFN on compute-rich devices."@en . _:statement1941 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.label-shift-estimation.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "corrects, without new labels, the label-shift form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When class priors change but class-conditional input distributions do not; it does not address covariate or concept drift."@en . _:statement1942 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.label-shift-estimation.calibration"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adjusts posteriors by Bayes' rule and so depends on"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When predicted probabilities are re-weighted by the ratio of new to old priors; miscalibrated scores give wrong corrections."@en . _:statement1943 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.label-shift-estimation.retraining"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:alternative-to ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is a label-free alternative, for prior changes, to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the shift is confined to class priors and fresh labels are unavailable or delayed."@en . _:statement1944 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.slam.map-representation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "builds and maintains the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When mapping runs online from the platform's own observations."@en . _:statement1945 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.motion-planning.map-representation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "answers collision and clearance queries against the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The representation must support the query the planner issues at planning rate, such as distance-to-obstacle or occupancy lookup."@en . _:statement1946 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.on-device-memory-budget.map-representation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the resolution and extent of the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the map lives in onboard memory beside the perception and policy models."@en . _:statement1947 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.motion-forecasting.map-representation"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "conditions predicted trajectories on the lanes and free space in the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a prior or online map supplies road or room structure."@en . _:statement1948 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-cost-estimate.training-compute-estimate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes its operation count from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the job is dense-transformer training."@en . _:statement1949 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-cost-estimate.model-flops-utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "divides peak-rate hours by the expected"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When required operations are converted into wall-clock accelerator-hours."@en . _:statement1950 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-cost-estimate.inference-compute-estimate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes per-token work from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When pricing a serving fleet rather than a training run."@en . _:statement1951 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dp-sgd.time-to-train"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "adds per-example gradient computation and clipping to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When per-example gradient and clipping overhead is not offset by fewer optimization steps or faster kernels at the same declared quality target."@en . _:statement1952 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.retraining.drift-detection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is triggered by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a detected shift is diagnosed as harmful rather than benign; drift alone is a signal to investigate, not proof of degraded quality."@en . _:statement1953 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fat-tree.network-oversubscription"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is commonly built, to save cost, with"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a fat-tree is built with fewer spine ports than leaf downlinks to save cost."@en . _:statement1954 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.dataset-shuffling.experiment-reproducibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "breaks, unless its seed and shard order are recorded,"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When runs must visit examples in the same order to be compared."@en . _:statement1955 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.supervised-fine-tuning.chat-template"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "renders every example through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For conversational or tool-using fine-tuning data turned into tokens before loss computation."@en . _:statement1956 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.safety-integrity-level.safety-certification"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the rigor of evidence demanded by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the function's integrity level has been assigned by hazard analysis."@en . _:statement1957 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.loop-stability-margin.system-identification"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes its plant model from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When an identified plant response is combined with a specified controller to compute the margin."@en . _:statement1958 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.in-doubt-action.durable-execution"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "blocks, until settled, the resumption of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a resumed workflow reaches a step whose effect may or may not have happened."@en . _:statement1959 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.model-bandwidth-utilization.utilization"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reports, as an achieved fraction of aggregate peak bandwidth, the decode-phase"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the phase is memory-bound, so model-required bytes per step rather than FLOPs set the ceiling; physical traffic beyond model-required bytes is excluded."@en . _:statement1960 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.fairness-monitoring.drift-detection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "supplements group metrics with subgroup tests from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a subgroup's metric moves and the cause must be separated from model, label, or sampling changes."@en . _:statement1961 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tco.compute-cost-estimate"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "allocates workload compute cost through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When workload costs are allocated consistently with the ownership boundary and without double-counting capital, energy, or other included expenses."@en . _:statement1962 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-harness.idempotency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "retries tool steps safely through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a step is re-issued after a timeout or crash and the tool contract declares an idempotency key or deduplication."@en . _:statement1963 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.wcet.profiling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "takes observed samples, as evidence but not as a bound, from"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When a measurement-based bound is argued from execution traces plus analysis of unobserved states."@en . _:statement1964 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.interrupt-latency.real-time-scheduling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "limits the response-time budget available to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "An interrupt releases the scheduled task, and the response deadline is measured from the interrupt request; handler execution and task execution consume additional time."@en . _:statement1965 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.precision-recall.metrics"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:specializes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "is the two-error-type family of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For classification or detection tasks where false positives and false negatives carry different costs."@en . _:statement1966 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.decision-policy.precision-recall"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets its operating threshold from the curve of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the policy thresholds a score and the two error rates must be traded explicitly."@en . _:statement1967 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.instruction-hierarchy.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers the success rate of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the model has been trained to respect source precedence or uses a provenance-marking prompt scheme validated against the applicable injection attacks, with trusted role assignments controlled outside attacker-supplied content."@en . _:statement1968 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.instruction-hierarchy.rlhf"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "learns instruction precedence using"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When human preference comparisons over instruction-following behavior train a reward model and reinforcement learning optimizes the policy against that reward."@en . _:statement1969 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.restart-free-recovery.training-goodput"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "raises, by avoiding full-job restart and reducing recovery losses, the"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When, under the same accelerator-time accounting, saved restart and rollback losses exceed replication, redundant-computation, reconfiguration, and reserved-capacity costs for failures within the supported failure model."@en . _:statement1970 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.restart-free-recovery.pipeline-parallel"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "replicates or re-partitions the stages of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For pipeline-parallel jobs, where a failed stage's work can be absorbed by redundant stages or by re-partitioning survivors."@en . _:statement1971 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor-parallel.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "shards a layer's parameters and activations to lower the per-device"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Aggregate footprint is unchanged; per-device savings depend on which tensors are partitioned."@en . _:statement1972 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sequence-parallel.memory-footprint"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partitions activations along the sequence to lower the per-device"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Only activation memory shrinks; parameters and optimizer state are unaffected."@en . _:statement1973 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.batch-size.bound-regime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets the arithmetic intensity, and so the binding ceiling, of weight-streaming kernels in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds for kernels whose bytes are dominated by weights reused across the batch, such as GEMM and decode attention."@en . _:statement1974 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.io-aware-attention.locality"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:increases ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "keeps attention tiles resident on chip to improve"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requires on-chip storage large enough for the chosen tile and an exact tiled formulation."@en . _:statement1975 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixed-precision.bound-regime"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lowers the bytes moved per operation for operands held in the reduced format, shifting a kernel's position in"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the reduced format is applied to the operands that dominate traffic; master weights and accumulators keep full width, and attainable arithmetic throughput changes with the format as well."@en . _:statement1976 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.lossless-fabric.gray-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "can propagate pause frames into stalls that look healthy to some observers, a form of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Priority flow control enabled end to end; a single paused queue can block unrelated flows."@en . _:statement1977 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-request-scheduling.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:determines ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sets, through its prefill-versus-decode priority, how long a new request waits for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Continuous-batching engines where prefill and decode share iterations."@en . _:statement1978 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cache-aware-routing.ttft"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "skips recomputing a cached prefix and so lowers"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requests share prefixes and the routed replica still holds the cached state."@en . _:statement1979 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-request-scheduling.kv-cache"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "preempts in-flight requests by evicting or swapping blocks, bounding resident"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Continuous-batching engines with preemption; recompute-on-resume costs prefill time."@en . _:statement1980 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.distributed-tracing.tail-latency"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "attributes a slow request's time to the spans behind"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Request-scoped tracing enabled across every hop on the path, with sampling that keeps slow requests."@en . _:statement1981 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.graceful-degradation.metastable-failure"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "sheds work to a cheaper mode that breaks the sustaining loop of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The degraded mode must cost less than the overloaded path and be entered before saturation."@en . _:statement1982 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.sliced-evaluation.distribution-shift"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "localizes, by a drop concentrated in one slice, the population affected by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Slices are defined on production inputs and labels or proxies exist for the window."@en . _:statement1983 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.off-policy-evaluation.proxy-objective"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "exposes divergence between the optimized proxy and the estimated deployed outcome of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When logged propensities are known, the logging and candidate policies overlap, and the intended outcome is observed separately from the proxy."@en . _:statement1984 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cost-sensitive-decision.proxy-objective"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "re-weights decisions by the real cost of each error type, correcting a misaligned"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Error costs must be stated per outcome, not inferred from the proxy."@en . _:statement1985 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.thermal-dynamics.measurement-variability"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:causes ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "makes short runs overstate sustained performance, a source of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Measurement windows shorter than the device's thermal time constant."@en . _:statement1986 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.quantization.energy-per-inference"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "cuts bytes moved and energy per multiply-accumulate, lowering"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The target hardware has low-precision datapaths; dequantization overhead must not dominate."@en . _:statement1987 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.prefix-cache.cost-per-token"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "avoids recomputing shared prefixes, lowering"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Requests share long prefixes such as system prompts; cache hits must be routed to the holding replica."@en . _:statement1988 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-call-tracing.over-refusal"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "attributes a refusal to the input filter, the model, or the output filter, localizing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Filter decisions are recorded as spans alongside the model call, and the refused requests are labeled benign by an independent rubric."@en . _:statement1989 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.supervised-fine-tuning.over-refusal"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "trains compliance on curated borderline-benign requests, reducing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The curated set must be reviewed so it does not also teach compliance on harmful requests."@en . _:statement1990 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-interruption.model-directed-control-flow"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "lets an operator override the next step chosen by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Interruption boundaries must sit at tool-call granularity so a pending action is not half-applied."@en . _:statement1991 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.egress-control.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "removes the exfiltration channel exploited by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Allow-listed destinations; injected instructions can still act within the sandbox."@en . _:statement1992 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.checkpoint-io.storage-tiering"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "stages snapshots on a fast local tier before draining them through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The local tier must hold several snapshots and drain faster than the checkpoint interval."@en . _:statement1993 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.llm-call-tracing.context-staleness"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "records the passages and index timestamps needed to judge"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When recorded index timestamps are compared with source versions or validity intervals; recency alone does not establish freshness."@en . _:statement1994 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.watchdog-timer.feedback-delay"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reports a missed refresh deadline as a fault, revealing excess"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The window is derived from the control period and the refresh is placed after actuation."@en . _:statement1995 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.mixed-criticality.priority-inversion"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partitions time and resources so lower-criticality tasks cannot hold what high-criticality tasks need, preventing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Shared resources must have bounded access or be partitioned; priority inheritance still applies inside a partition."@en . _:statement1996 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.cross-stack-profiling.input-pipeline"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:measures ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "attributes device idle gaps to the host-side stages of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Host and device timelines are correlated on one clock."@en . _:statement1997 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.evaluation-harness.catastrophic-forgetting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reruns a fixed base-capability suite on each checkpoint, revealing"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The suite and prompts are held fixed across checkpoints."@en . _:statement1998 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.regularization.catastrophic-forgetting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "penalizes drift from the base parameters or outputs, limiting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The penalty, such as a KL term to the base model, must be weighted against the target-task loss."@en . _:statement1999 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.peft.catastrophic-forgetting"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:mitigates ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "freezes the base weights so adaptation cannot overwrite them, limiting"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Holds when the adapter capacity is small relative to the base and base weights stay frozen."@en . _:statement2000 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.release-gate.model-feature-compatibility"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:detects ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "checks the candidate's tokenizer, schema, and operator set against the serving stack, revealing broken"@en ; taxmeta:condition "The gate runs against the same runtime image that will serve the model."@en . _:statement2001 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.backfill-scheduling.gang-scheduling"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "uses whole-job allocation reservations established by"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the backfill planner consults reserved start times and resource sets for gang-allocated jobs and admits other jobs only when their bounded resource use preserves those starts."@en . _:statement2002 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.agent-memory.prompt-injection"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:enables ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "enables persistent"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When attacker-controlled instructions can be stored in agent memory and later retrieved into a context where the model may treat them as authoritative."@en . _:statement2003 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.tensor-parallel.tpot"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "pools the memory bandwidth of several devices to shorten"@en ; taxmeta:condition "For the same model, precision, batch, and output workload, when tensor sharding reduces per-device decode memory traffic and the saved memory-access time exceeds the added collective, synchronization, and execution overhead."@en . _:statement2004 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.service-level-agreement.slo"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "constrains the acceptable targets for"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When the internal objective covers the same service indicator, population, and measurement window as the contractual commitment and must provide a stricter target with room for intervention."@en . _:statement2005 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.compute-cost-estimate.cost-per-token"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:produces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "produces an estimate of"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When estimated accelerator expenditure is divided by a declared processed-token or generated-token count and the reported cost boundary covers accelerator compute only."@en . _:statement2006 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.deterministic-field-network.timing-jitter"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:limits ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "bounds the transport contribution to"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When control messages use synchronized, fixed transmission slots with bounded interfering traffic; the bound concerns network-induced variation rather than all sensing, computation, and actuation jitter."@en . _:statement2007 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.self-supervised-learning.contrastive-learning"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "often trains through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When positives and negatives are constructed from the data itself, without example-level labels."@en . _:statement2008 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.data-parallel.state-sharding"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:uses ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "partitions state across workers through"@en ; taxmeta:condition "When each worker processes different examples but holds only a shard of parameters, gradients, or optimizer state."@en . _:statement2009 a rdf:Statement ; dct:identifier "rel.shared-memory-bank-conflict.memory-bandwidth"@en ; rdf:subject ; rdf:predicate mlsys:reduces ; rdf:object ; rdfs:label "reduces effective shared-memory"@en ; taxmeta:condition "Different addresses in the same shared-memory bank require serialized requests; same-address broadcast is excluded."@en . a skos:Concept ; skos:inScheme ; owl:deprecated true ; dct:isReplacedBy ; skos:prefLabel "Retired: mlsys.llm-kernel-generation"@en ; skos:historyNote "Using ML to optimize systems is outside the taxonomy's scope; automated kernel search is covered by autotuning."@en .